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U.  S.  UEPARTMl.X  1    (U-    AGRICULTURE. 
BUREAU  OF  FORESTRY-  BULLETIN  Mo.  35. 

GIFFORD  PINCHOT,  Fores^^r. 


EiJCALYPTS  CULTIVATED  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES. 


ALFRED  JAMES  McCLATOHIE,  M.  A., 

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WASHINGTON: 

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GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE, 

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Asmtant  Forester— OvEnro'S  W.  Price. 

Assistant  Forester— Geoug-b  B.  Sudworth. 

Chief  Clerk— Ot-yo  J.  J.  Luebkert. 

Superintendent  of  Tree  Planting — ^^'ILLIA.M  L.  Hai,l. 


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35,   Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agncultur 


Frontispiece. 


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Inteirior  of  Eucalypt  Grove. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT   OF  AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU  OF  FORESTRY— BULLETIN  No.  35. 


GIFFORD  PINCHOT,   Forester. 


EUCALYPTS  CULTIVATED  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES.. 


ALPEED  JAMES  McCLATCHIE,  M.  A., 

Ayriculturist  and  Ilorticulturisl  of  the  Arizona  Experiment  Station, 
Phoenix,  Arizona. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 
1  9  (J  2 . 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Forestry, 
Washington,  D.  C,  June  Ji.,  1902. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith,  and  to  recommend  for 
publication  as  Bulletin  No.  35  of  the  Bureau  of  Forestry,  a  report 
.  entitled  "Eucalypts  Cultivated  in  the  United  States,"  by  Prof.  A.  J. 
McClatchie,  agriculturist  and  horticulturist  of  the  Arizona  Experi- 
ment Station,  Phoenix,  Ariz.  Professor  McClatchie  has  had  excellent 
opportunities  for  studying  the  Australian  Eucalypts,  which  are  now 
extensively  grown  in  the  Southwest  for  ornament,  for  wind-breaks, 
and  for  their  useful  timber.  The  phenomenallv  rapid  growth  of  the 
Eucalypts,  and  the  special  adaptation  of  man}'  species  to  dry  climates, 
render  these  trees  of  peculiar  economic  importance  to  the  Southwest. 
The  descriptions  and  illustrations  of  species,  with  the  information 
upon  their  requirements  of  soil  and  climate,  and  upon  the  character 
and  uses  of  their  wood,  together  form  a  practical  guide  for  the  tree 
planter. 

Very  respectfully,  Gifford  Pinchot, 

Foreste?'. 
Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 
2 


NTRODUCTION. 


The  Eucalypts  arc  now  grown  in  America,  especiall}^  in  the  South- 
western United  States,  more  extensively  than  any  other  exotic  forest 
tree.  During-  the  past  forty  years  they  have  been  planted  here  and  in 
other  parts  of  the  world  for  ornament,  for  sanitary  improvement,  for 
shade,  for  wind-breaks,  for  fuel,  for  oil,  and  for  timber;  and  incident- 
ally they  have  been  useful  in  many  other  ways.  In  fact,  they  have 
probably  served  more  esthetic  and  utilitarian  purposes  than  any  other 
forest  trees  that  have  been  planted  on  this  continent. 

These  trees  have  been  studied  and  extolled  alike  by  botanists,  gar- 
deners, and  foresters.  The}"  are  worthy  of  all  the  attention  that  has 
been  given  them  and  deserve  to  be  still  better  known.  The  late  Baron 
Ferdinand  von  Mueller,  Government  botanist  of  Victoria,  Australia, 
the  most  renowned  student  of  the  great  Australian  genus  Eucal3'ptus, 
prophesied  in  his  scholarly  Eucalj'ptographia  that  ''The  Eucalypts 
are  destined  to  pla}"  a  prominent  part  for  all  times  to  come  in  the 
silvan  culture  of  vast  tracts  of  the  globe;  and  for  hard-wood  supplies, 
for  sanitar}'  measures,  and  for  beneficent  climatic  changes  all  countries 
within  the  warmer  zones  will  with  appreciative  extensiveness  have  to 
rely  on  our  P^ucalypts  during  an  as  yet  uncountable  period.''  All  who 
have  lived  where  Eucalypts  grow  can  realize  fully  the  force  of  the 
prophecy  and  the  great  value  of  the  genus  to  mankind,  both  present 
and  prospective. 

In  the  following  pages  the  Eucalypts  are  \iewed  mainly  from  the 
standpoint  of  their  usefulness,  only  incidentally  l)eing  treated  as  orna- 
mentals. No  attempt  is  made  to  present  an  exhaustive  botanical  trea- 
tise of  the  Eucalypts.  The  botanical  features  introduced  are  intended 
to  be  subservient  to  the  interests  and  purposes  of  the  forester. 

Only  the  large  arboreal  species  are  discussed — that  is,  species  attain- 
ing a  height  of  over  4U  to  .50  feet  and  a  diameter  of  over  1  foot.  Many 
of  the  species  consisting  of  smaller  trees  are  very  interesting  to  the 
botanist  and  gardener,  but  they  are  of  comparativel  v  little  interest  to 
the  forester. 

This  publication  is  not  a  general  treatise  on  the  genus  Eucalyptus, 

3 


4  INTRODUCTION. 

but  ha^  to  do  more  especially  with  the  genus  as  it  behaves  in  North 
America.  Only  those  species  that  have  fruited  and  bv  this  means 
have  been  ideutitied  are  treated.  This  treatise  is  based  mainly  upon 
ten  3'ears'  observation  and  study  of  the  genus  in  California  and  Ari- 
zona and  three  3'ears  of  experimental  work  in  the  latter  region. 
Besides  the  data  obtained  as  a  result  of  this  personal  work,  very 
nuich  of  value  concerning  the  genus  has  been  learned  through  cor- 
respondence with  students  and  growers  of  Eucalypts  in  the  various 
regions  where  they  grow  naturalh'  or  have  been  introduced.  In  this 
connection  I  wish  to  acknowledge  especial  indebtedness  to  the  follow- 
ing persons  for  valuable  assistance  rendered:  Hon.  Abbot  Kinney, 
Los  Angeles;  Hon.  Ellwood  Cooper,  Santa  Barbara;  Mr.  J.  H.  Maiden, 
F.  L.  S.,  government  botanist,  Sydne3%  Australia;  Mr.  F.  Manson 
Bailey,  F.  L.  S.,  colonial  botanist,  Brisbane,  Australia;  Prof.  L. 
Trabut,  Alger-Mustapha,  Algiers;  E.  R.  Holmes,  Paris;  Nathan  W. 
Blanchard,  Santa  Paula,  Cal.;  and  Col.  G.  H.  Norton  and  A.  K. 
Sanders,  Eustis,  Fla. 

The  purpose  of  this  l)ulletin  is  to  give  information  concerning  the 
characteristics  of  the  Eucalypts,  their  climatic  requirements,  and  their 
uses;  to  give  directions  and  suggestions  as  to  their  propagation  and 
culture;  and  to  furnish  a  means  of  identifying  seedlings  and  mature 
trees,  so  that  as  the  Eucalypts  growing  throughout  the  Southwest 
become  identified,  such  trees  may  become  sources  of  information  con- 
cerning the  species  they  represent,  and  sources  of  seed  for  propaga- 
tion. This  Australian  group  of  trees  now  serves  ver}^  many  useful 
purposes  in  the  Southwest,  and  gives  promise  of  great  future  useful- 
ness in  the  semiarid  portions  of  our  continent.  It  is  believed  that 
when  the  merits  of  these  trees  are  fully  understood,  and  information 
concerning  their  climatic  requirements  and  their  propagation  is  readily 
available,  they  will  l^e  planted  more  extensively  and  with  increasing 
intelligence  and  discrimination.  The  covering  of  the  now  untillable, 
treeless  portions  of  the  semitropic  section  of  America  with  such  trees 
as  Eucalypts,  which  will  yield  fuel,  timber,  and  other  useful  products, 
and  also  furnish  protection  from  the  sun,  from  winds,  and  from  floods, 
or  otherwise  ameliorate  existing  climatic  conditions,  is  certainly  an 
achievement  greatly  to  be  desired. 

The  illustrations  are  from  photographs  made  b}^  the  writer  during 
the  past  six  years.  Photographs  of  most  of  the  seedlings  in  pots  were 
made  at  a  nursery  in  South  Pasadena,  Cal.,  the  proprietors  of  which 
were  extensive  American  growers  of  Eucalypts.  The  remainder  were 
taken  at  the  experiment  station  farm  near  Phoenix,  Ariz.  Seedlings  4 
to  8  months  old,  as  nearly  typical  of  the  respective  species  as  possible, 
were  selected  for  subjects.  It  is  believed  that  these  illustrations  will 
prove  useful  to  growers  and  purchasers  in  identifying  seedlings  of  these 


INTRODUCTION.  5 

trees.  The  photographs  of  the  branches  bearing-  leaves,  buds,  flowers, 
and  seed  cases  were  taken  in  each  instance  from  a  specimen  fastened  to 
the  trunk  of  the  tree  upon  which  it  had  grown,  by  this  means  showing 
fairly  well  the  nature  of  the  bark  of  the  tree.  It  is  thus  attempted 
in  each  of  these  latter  photographs  to  illustrate  the  principal  features 
upon  which  the  species  are  based,  and  it  is  hoped  that  they  will  be 
found  helpful  in  identifying  trees  the  names  of  which  are  unknown 
or  doubtful. 


CONTENTS, 


PART  I. 

Page. 

The  native  home  of  the  Eucalypts 1-^ 

The  Eucalypts  as  exotics 1"^ 

Introduction  over  the  globe 1"* 

In  southern  Europe l'^ 

In  Africa ^'_ 

In  southern  Asia 1 ' 

In  South  America 18 

In  North  America ^^ 

Writers  upon  Eucalypts 20 


Foreign.. 
American 


As  a  source  of  fuel . 


PART  II. 

Characteristics  of  the  genus  Eucalyptus 25 

General  characteristics 25 

The  trunk - 26 

The  foliage 27 

The  bloom - 27 

The  seeds 28 

Relation  of  the  Eucalypts  to  climate 29 

General  climatic  requirements - 29 

Climatic  areas  in  North  America 29 

Uses  of  I^ucalypts ^^ 

As  a  forest  cover ^^ 

As  wind-breaks ^'^ 

As  shade  trees "^_ 

As  a  source  of  timber *^''* 


36 


As  a  source  of  oil ^° 

As  a  source  of  honey 

As  improvers  of  climate ^^ 

Propagation  and  care  of  Eucalypts ^ 

Difticulties  in  growing  seedlings 44 

Planting  the  seed ^'^ 

Transferring  to  fresh  soil ^'"^ 

Setting  in  the  field "^'j 

Subsequent  care ■*' 


CONTENTS. 


PART  III. 


Prijicipal  species  of  Eucalypts  gi'own  in  America,  discussed  as  to  ciiaracteristics, 

climatic  adaptations,  and  nses 49 

Eucalyptus  amygdalina 51 

Eucalyptus  botryoides 53 

Eucalyptus  calophylla 53 

Eucalyptus  citriodora 54 

Eucalyptus  coriacea 55 

p]ucalyptus  cornuta 56 

Eucalyptus  corymbosa 56 

Eucalyptus  corynocalyx 57 

Eucalyptus  crebra 59 

Eucalyptus  diversicolor 59 

Eucalyjitus  eugenioides 60 

Eucalyptus  globulus 61 

pAicalyptus  gomphocephala 63 

Eucalyptus  goniocaly x 63 

Eucalyptus  gunnii 64 

Eucalyptus  ha?mastoma 64 

Eucalyptus  hemiphloia 65 

Eucalyptus  leucoxylon 66 

Eucalyptus  longifolia 66 

Eucalyptus  macrorhyncha 67 

Eucalyptus  marginata 68 

Eucalyptus  melliodora 68 

Eucalyptus  microtheca 69 

Eucalyptus  obliqua 70 

Eucalyptus  occidentalis 70 

Eucalyptus  paniculata  . . , 71 

Eucalyptus  pilularis 71 

Eucalyptus  piperita 72 

Eucalyptus  polyanthema 73 

Eucalyptus  populifolia 73 

Eucalyptus  punctata 74 

E^ucalyptus  resinifera 74 

Eucalyptus  robusta 75 

Eucalyptus  rostrata 76 

Eucalyptus  rudis 78 

Eucalyptus  saligna 79 

Eucalyptus  siderophloia 79 

Eucalyptus  sideroxylon 80 

Eucalyptus  stuartiana 81 

Eucalyptus  tereticornis 81 

Eucalyptus  viminalis 82 

Grouping  of  species  according  to  characteristics,  climatic  adaptation,  and  uses. .  84 

PART  IV. 

Identification  of  Eucalypts 89 

Systematic  position  of  the  Eucalypti 90 

Botanical  description  of  genus 90 

Determination  of  species 91 

Artificial  keys  to  species 92 

Botanical  description  of  species 94 

Bibliography  of  the  genus  Eucalyptus 99 

Index 103 


ILLUSTRATIONS, 


Page. 
Interior  of  Eucalyp  grove Frontispiece. 

USES   OF   EUCALYPTS. 

Plate  I.  A.  Eucalypts  as  forest  cover  for  parks,  East  Lake  Park,  Los  Angeles, 

Cal 16 

B.  Eucalypts  as  wind-breaks.     Eucalyptus  globulus  protecting  an 

orange  orchard  near  Los  Angeles,  Cal 16 

II.  Eucalypts  as  avenue  shade  trees  near  Santa  ]Monica,  Cal.: 

A.  Eucalyptus  cornuta 16 

B.  Eucalyptus  corynocalyx 16 

III.  Public  road  near  Alhambra,  Cal 16 

IV.  The  Blue  Gum  (Eucalyptus  globulus)  as  a  timber  tree: 

A.  View  in  a  grove  twenty  years  old  near  Los  Angeles,  Cal 16 

B.  Cabin   near  Los   Angeles.     (Eucalyptus  viminalis  in   fore- 

ground ) 16 

V.  Eucalypts  as  a  source  of  fuel : 

A.  Wood  cut  from  a  Blue  Gum  grove  near  Los  Angeles,  Cal 20 

B.  Wood  cut  from  Red  Gum  (Eucalyptus  rostrata)  grove  upon 

ranch  of  EUwood  Cooper,  near  Santa  Barbara.     (Young 

growth  from  stumps  in  background) 20 

VI.  A.  Logs  ready  to  be  cut  by  steam  sawing  machine,  visible  in  back- 
ground           -0 

B.  Four-foot  wood,  recently  cut  from  grove  of  Blue  ( ium  ( Eucalyptus 

globulus) '. -0 

VII.  Blue  Gums  (Eucalyptus  globulus)  growing  from  stumps  of  trees  cut 
for  fuel: 

A.  One  year's  growth -0 

B.  Three  years'  growth 20 

VIII.  pAicalypts  growing  spontaneously  under  parent  trees: 

A.  Eucalyptus  rostrata  at  Cooper  ranch,  Santa  Barbara,  Cal  ...         20 

B.  Eucalyptus  rudis  at  INIinnewawa  ranch,  Fresno,  Cal 20 

IX.  Eucalypt  seedlings  in  propagation  boxes: 

A.  Ready  to  transfer  to  fresh  soil 24 

B.  Ready  to  set  in  field 24 

GKOWI.VG    TREES. 

X.  Eucalyptus  amygdalina.  East  Lake  Park,  Los  Angeles,  Cal 24 

XI.  Eucalyptus  botryoides.     Trees  three  years  (jld 24 

XII.  Eucalyptus  botryoides.     Tree  fifteen  years  old 24 

XIII.  Eucalyptus  calophylla,  East  Lake  Park,  Los  Angeles,  Cal 28 

XIV.  Eucalyptus  citriodora,  tall  form.     Tree  fifteen  years  old,  Cooper 

ranch,  near  Santa  Barbara,  Cal 28 

9 


10  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plate  XV.  Eucah'ptus  citriodora,  spreading  form.     Trees  twenty  years  old, 

Cooper  ranch,  near  Santa  Barbara,  Cal 28 

XVI.  Eucalyptus  corymbo.sa.  State  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  Cal.  28 

XVII.  Eucalyptus  corynocalyx,  showing  trunks  suitable  for  fence  posts. .  32 

XVIII.  Eucalyptus  crebra,  Court-House  Grounds,  Fresno,  Cal 32 

XIX.  Eucalyptus  diversicolor,  near  South  Pasadena,  Cal 32 

XX.  Eucalyptus  eugenioides.  State  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  Cal.  32 

XXI.  Eucalyptus  globulus,  Santa  Barbara,  Cal 36 

XXII.  Eucalyptus  globulus  on  ranch  of  Ellwood  Cooper,  Santa  Barbara, 

Ca\ 36 

XXIII.  Eucalyptus  globulus.     Timber  cut  from  trees  in  the  background 

being  used  to  build  fence 36 

XXIV.  Eucalyptus  gomphocephala.     Grove  24  years  old  on  the  Cooper 

ranch 36 

XXV.  Eucalypts  on  ranch  of  Ellwood  Cooper,  Santa  Barbara,  Cal. : 

A.  Eucalyptus  goniocalyx.     Trees  24  years  old 40 

B.  Eucalyptus  tereticornis.     Trees  22  j'ears  old 40 

XXVI.  Eucalyptus  hemiphloia.     Tree  4  years  old,  Experiment  Station 

Farm,  Phoenix,  Ariz 40 

XXVII.  Eucalyptus  hemiphloia.     Trees  24  years  old.  Cooper  ranch,  Santa 

Barbara,  Cal 40 

XXVIII.  Eucalyptus   leucoxvlon.     State  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica, 

Cal '. ' 44 

XXIX.  Eucalyptus   leucoxylon.     Tree  10  years    old,    Capitol    grounds. 

Phoenix,  Ariz 44 

XXX.  Eucalyptus  longifolia,  Pasadena,  Cal 44 

XXXI.  Eucalyptus  nielliodora.  State  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  Cal .  44 

XXXII.  Eucalyptus  microtheca,  Montecito,  Cal 48 

XXXIII.  Eucalyptus  occidentalis,  near  Santa  Monica,  Cal 48 

XXXIV.  Eucalyptus  paniculata.  State  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  Cal.  48 
XXXV.  Eucalyptus  pilularis,  near  Santa  Monica,  Cal 48 

XXXVI.  Eucalyptus  polyanthema,    on  grounds  of    George  C.    Roeding, 

Fresno,  Cal 52 

XXXVII.  Eucalyptus  robusta,  near  South  Pasadena,  Cal 52 

XXXVIII.  Eucalyptus   rostrata.     Trees   8   years  old,  East  Lake  Park,  Los 

Angeles,  Cal 52 

XXXIX.  Eucalyptus  rostrata.     Trees  24  years  old,  near  Ocean  Bluff,  Santa 

Barbara,  Cal 52 

XL.  Eucalyptus  rostrata  ( Red  gum ),  near  Glendale,  Ariz 56 

XLI.  Eucalyptus  rostrata  ( Red  gum ) ,  Phoenix,  Ariz 56 

XLII.  Eucalyptus  rudis,  on  grounds  of  Minnewawa  ranch,  Fresno,  Cal. .  56 

XLIII.  Eucalyptus  rudis,  on  Minnewawa  ranch,  Fresno,  Cal 56 

XLIV.  Eucalyptus  siderophloia.     Trees  8  years  old,  East  Lake  Park,  Los 

Angeles,  Cal 60 

XLV.  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon,  Montecito,  Cal 60 

XLVI.  pAicalyptus  yiminalis.     Tree  24  years  old,  Pasadena,  Cal. ;  diam- 
eter of  trunk  over  5  feet 60 

XLVII.  Eucalyptus  yiminalis.  South  Pasadena,  Cal.     Trees  12  years  old.  60 

XLVIII.  Eucalyptus  yiminalis,  Montecito,  Cal.     Trees  20  years  old 64 

XLIX.  Eucalyptus  yiminalis,  Montecito,  Cal.     Trees  20  years  old  grow-  64 

ing  among  native  shrubs  and  trees 64 


ILLUSTRATIONS.  11 

LEAF,    FLOWER,    SEED-CASE,    BARK. 

Page. 

Plate        L.  Eucalyptus  amygdalina - .  -  64 

LI.  Eucal yptus  botryoides 64 

LII.  Eucalyptus  calophylla 64 

LIII.  Eucalyptus  citriodora 64 

LIV.  Eucalyptus  cornuta 64 

LV.  p]ucalyptus  corymbosa 68 

LVI.  Eucalyptus  corynocalyx 68 

LYIl.  Eucalyptus  crebra 68 

LVIII.  Eucalyptus  diversicolor 68 

LIX.  Eucalyptus  eugenioides 68 

LX.  Eucalyptus  globulus 68 

LXI.  Eucalyptus  gomphocephala 68 

LXII.  Eucalyptus  goniocalyx 68 

LXIII.  Eucalyptus  gunnii 72 

LXIV.  Eucalyptus  hemiphloia 72 

LXV.  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon , 72 

LXVI.  Eucalyptus  uiacrorhyncha 72 

LXVII.  Eucalyptus  nielliodora 72 

LXVIII.  Eucalyptus  microtheca 72 

LXIX.  Eucalyptus  obliqua 72 

LXX.  Eucalyptus  occidentalis 72 

LXXI.  Eucalyptus  jiolyanthema 76 

LXXII.  Eucalyptus  resinifera 76 

LXXIII.  Eucalyptus  robusta 76 

LXXIV.  Eucalyptus  rostrata 76 

LXXY.  Eucalyptus  rudis  (tree  12  years  old) 80 

LXX VI.  Eucalyptus  rudis  (tree  6  years  old) 80 

LXXVII.  Eucalyptus  siderophloia 80 

LXXVIII.  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon 80 

LXXIX.  Eucalyptus  tereticornis 80 

LXXX.  Eucalyptus  viminalis 80 

SEEDLINGS. 

LXXXI.  A.  Eucalyptus  calophylla 80 

B.  Eucalyptus  corymbosa 80 

C.  Eucalyptus  corynocalyx 80 

D.  Eucalyptus  citriodora 80 

LXXXII.  A.  Eucalyptus  coriacea 80 

B.  Eucalyptus  eugenioides 80 

C.  Eucalyptus  occidentalis 80 

D.  Eucalyptus  cornuta 80 

LXXXIII.  A.  Eucalyptus  siderophloia 84 

B.  Eucalyptus  diversicolor 84 

C.  Eucalyptus  globulus 84 

D.  Eucalyptus  gomphocephala 84 

LXXXIV.  A.  Eucalyptus  rudis 84 

B.  Eucalyptus  goniocalyx 84 

C.  Eucalyptus  stuartiana 84 

D.  Eucalyptus  gunnii 84 

LXXXV.   A.  Eucalyptus  paniculata 84 

B.  Eucalyptus  h;vniastoma 84 

C.  Eucalyptus  hemiphloia 84 

D.  Eucalyptus  crebra 84 


12 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Plate  LXXXVI.  A.  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon 84 

B.  Eucalyptus  sideroxylou 84 

C.  EucalyiJtus  robusta 84 

D.  Eucalyptus  longifolia 84 

LXXX  VII.  A.  Eucalyptus  melliodora 90 

B.  Eucalyptus  polyanthenia 90 

C.  Eucalyptus  obliqua 90 

D.  Eucalyptus  pilularis 90 

LXXXVIII.   A.  Eucalyptus  resinifera 90 

B.  Eucalyptus  punctata 90 

C.  Eucalyptus  tereticornis 90 

D.  Eucalyptus  rostrata 90 

LXXXIX.  Young  Eucalypts  at  Experiment  Station  Farm,  Phoenix, 

Ariz.: 

A.  Eucalyptus  rudis  (1  year  old) 96 

B.  Eucalyptus  polyanthema  (2  years  old) 96 

XC.  Eucalyptus  fruits 96 

XCI.  Eucalyptus  fruits 96 


EUCALYPTS  C('i;n\'ATEI)  IX  THE  IXlTEl)  STATES. 


PART   I. 
THE  NATIVE  HOME  OE  THE  EUCALYPTS. 

The  native  home  of  the  Eucal3"pts  is  Australia  and  some  of  the  adja- 
cent islands,  including-  Tasmania,  New  Guinea,  Timor,  and  one  of  the 
Moluccas,  All  but  a  very  small  per  cent  of  the  species  are  found  on 
the  continent  of  Australia  itself.  A  small  number  o-row  both  on  Tas- 
mania and  in  Australia,  one  of  these  being  the  Blue  Gum,  Eucdlypim 
(/lohiJus,  the  species  that  has  been  cultivated  most  widely  throughout 
other  parts  of  the  world. 

The  Eucalypts  constitute  a  considerable  part  of  the  forests  of  Aus- 
tralia, and  are  said  to  give  a  characteristic  appearance  to  the  landscape 
of  the  regions  in  whioh  they  j^row.  They  are  known  in  their  native 
home  as  Gum  trees,  Mahogany  trees,  Box  trees,  Stringy  barks,  and  l)y 
quite  a  number  of  other  names,  the  first  being  the  most  common 
appellation.  Notwithstanding-  the  general  use  of  the  term  "Gum 
tree,"'  the  name  is  not  an  entirely  appropriate  one,  as  the  exudations 
from  the  trees  are  in  most  cases  not  gums,  but  resins.  The  name 
"Eucalypts,""'  proposed  by  Baron  A^on  Mueller,  and  used  in  this  publi- 
cation, is  more  suitable  and  euphonious.  The  only  Australian  common 
names  that  have  been  generally  adopted  in  America  are  "Blue  Gum 
tree'"  for  E.  (jJohulns^  and  "Red  Gum  tree"'  for  E.  rostrata  and  several 
other  species,  indiscriminately.  In  Australia  several  species  are  known 
as  Blue  Gums  and  several  as  Red  Gums.  This  confusion  of  names, 
due  to  the  great  number  of  the  species,  and  to  the  application  to  the 
same  species  of  different  common  names  by  the  inhabitants  of  the 
various  colonies  of  Australia,  makes  it  impractical)le  to  designate  a 
Eucalyptus  tree  by  a  common  name.  Tor  distinctness  it  is  necessary 
to  use  the  botanical  names  almost  entirely.  It  will  probably  be  some 
time,  even  in  their  native  home,  before  these  trees  have  well  established 
popular  names  for  each  of  the  150  or  more  species. 

In  Australia  the  different  .species  occupy  situations  varying  from 
deserts  or  dry  mountainous  regions  to  low,  swampy,  and  moist  moun- 
tainous ones.  On  account  of  the  great  diversity  of  species  and  their 
wide  distribution  in  their  native  home,  it  has  been  possible  to  select 

13 


14  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

species  suitable  to  a  great  variety  of  semitropic  situations;  and  there 
are  undoubtedly  greater  future  possibilities  along  this  line.  Each 
3'ear  one  or  more  additional  promising  species  finds  its  way  from  Aus- 
tralia to  our  continent,  the  usefulness  of  the  genus  being  thus  continu- 
ally extended  to  new  regions.  As  Americans  become  better  acquainted 
with  the  Eucalypts  in  their  native  home  the  possibilities  for  the  useful- 
ness of  these  trees  upon  our  continent  will  be  increased. 

THE  ETICALYPTS  AS  EXOTICS. 

INTRODUCTION  OVER  THE  GLOBE. 

From  Australia  the  Eucalypts  have  been  carried  to  many  parts  of 
the  earth  having  a  similar  climate.  The  dissemination  began  on  an 
extensive  scale  about  the  middle  of  the  past  century,  largely  through 
the  labors  of  Baron  von  Mueller  in  Australia  and  of  M.  Ramel  in 
Australia  and  in  Europe.  To  be  sure,  small  plantings  had  been  made 
in  Europe  and  in  Africa  earlier  in  the  centuiy ,  but  we  are  indebted  to 
these  men  for  an  adequate  appreciation  of  the  real  merits  of  the  genus. 
Prof.  J.  E.  Planchon,  one  of  the  students  and  disseminators  of  Euca- 
lypts in  France,  says  of  these  men  in  his  paper  upon  the  Eucalyptus 
glohulus^^''  that  their  memory  should  be  associated  with  the  name 
Eucalj'ptus  ''wherever  this  tree  thrives  as  a  source  of  public  wealth 
and  salubrity;"  and  then  adds:  * 

In  the  history  of  the  future  naturalization  of  the  Eucalyptus,  ^Mueller  is  the  savant 
who  justly  calculated  the  future  of  the  tree,  traced  it  in  its  [prospective]  itineracy, 
and  predicted  its  destiny.  Ramel  is  the  enthusiastic  amateur  who  has  thrown  body 
and  mind  into  the  mission  of  propagating  it.  Both  have  faith,  but  one  is  a  prophet, 
the  other  an  apostle;  and,  in  the  noble  confraternity  of  services,  public  gratitude 
will  not  separate  the  names  that  are  bound  together  by  friendship. 

Others  took  up  the  good  work  in  various  parts  of  the  'svorld,  and, 
during  the  quarter  of  a  century  that  followed,  the  genus  became 
widely  distributed.  It  is  said  that  more  trees  of  thi.s  genus  have 
been  planted  away  from  its  original  habitat  than  of  all  other  forest 
trees  combined.  As  an  indication  of  how  extensively  they  were  being 
planted  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  the  following  statement  from  a 
seed  catalogue  published  in  Sidney  in  1875  is  of  interest: 

To  give  our  friends  some  idea  of  the  demand:  We  have  sold  nearh'  half  a  ton  of 
seed  during  the  past  year.     One  pound  weight  should  produce  many  thousand  plants. 

The  present  generation  is  reaping  the  benefit  of  the  extensive  plant- 
ing of  that  period. 

The  Eucalypts  are  now  grown  successfully  in  southern  Europe,  in 
northern  and  in  .southern  Africa,  in  southern  Asia,  in  pai'ts  of  South 
America,  and  in  the  Southern  part  of  North  America.     Thus,  a  por- 

a  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,  January,  1875.  Translated  and  published  by  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  May,  1875. 


THE    EUCALYPTS    AS    EXOTICS.  15 

tion  of  each  continent  of  the  globe  is  receiving  the  benefit  of  the 
distribution  of  this  useful  genus  from  its  native  home.  In  man}-  of 
the  above  regions  the  Eucal3'pts  are  a  conspicuous  feature  of  the 
country,  the  aspect  of  the  landscape  having  in  some  cases  been  com- 
pletely changed  by  the  planting  of  these  trees.  There  are  undouV)tedly 
many  other  parts  of  the  earth  3'et  to  l)e  benetited  l)y  the  introduction 
and  extensive  planting  of  species  adapted  to  the  climatic  conditions. 
The  tests  of  various  species  made  in  Arizona  b\'  the  writer,  during 
the  past  three  years,  indicate  that  there  are  species  of  Eucalypts 
adapted  to  many  regions  where  they  have  not  been  tried.  These 
experiments  indicate  also  that  in  localities  where  it  has  been  supposed 
they  could  not  be  grown  successfully  as  forest  trees  suitable  varieties 
have  not  been  tried.  There  is  need  of  a  careful  study  of  these  trees 
in  their  native  habitats,  in  order  to  determine  what  species  ma}^  be 
introduced  into  regions  with  climate  and  soil  similar  to  those  of  the 
districts  in  which  the  respective  species  grow  naturally. 

IN  SOUTHERN  EUROPE. 

According  to  Baron  von  Mueller  Eucalypts  were  tirst  planted  in 
Europe  in  the  botanic  garden  of  Naples,  in  the  early  part  of  the  last 
century.  But  their  value  as  forest  trees  was  not  recognized  any- 
where in  southern  Europe  until  after  the  middle  of  the  century,  and 
in  Italy  not  until  1870.  During  the  past  forty  years  their  culture  has 
increased  rapidly.  Claude  M.  Thomas,  American  consul  at  ^Marseilles 
in  1894,  states,  in  Consular  Reports  No.  168,  that  '*  the  cultivation  of 
the  Eucalyptus  is  receiving  much  attention  from  thoughtful  men, 
wherever  in  Europe  climate  and  soil  are  of  a  character  adapted  to  its 
growth." 

The  French  botanists  and  gardeners  were  pioneers  in  studying 
Eucalypts  and  in  distributing  them  throughout  southern  Europe. 
Their  interest  seems  to  have  continued  unabated  for  nearly  half  a 
century,  more  publications  on  the  culture  and  uses  of  the  Eucalypts 
having  appeared  in  the  French  language  in  that  time  than  in  any 
other,  and  probably  more  than  in  all  other  languages  in  which  such 
treatises  have  l)een  written.  The  Eucalypts  were  introduced  into 
France  during  or  before  1851,  and  during  the  succeeding  (juarter 
century  were  planted  extensively.     Planchon  said  in  1875: 

Now  the  entire  region  from  Cannes  to  Monaco  displays  to  the  traveler  *  *  * 
the  aspiring  branches  of  the  Eucalyptus,  with  their  scythe-shaped  leaves  treml)ling 
beneath  the  sUghtest  breeze,  and  wfthstanding  the  repeate<l  ami  violent  winds  from 
the  east. 

M.  Henri  Carreron,  in  an  article  in  a  recent  number  of  the  Journal 
de  Geneve,  makes  the  following  statements  concerning  the  present 
prevalence  of  Eucalypts  in  southeastern  France: 

A  Proven^'al  who  has  not  seen  the  Cote  d'Azur  for  tlu-  last  forty  years  would  not 


16  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

recognize  it,  so  changed  is  the  aspect  of  its  vegetation.  No  more  there  of  those 
characteristic,  stunted,  grayish  bushes.  They  have  been  replaced  on  at  least  one- 
fourth  of  the  surface  of  the  land  by  cooling  and  fragrant  fore  jts  of  huge  Eucalypts, 
which  tower  high  above  the  thousand-year-old  Olive  and  Mastic  trees.  Australia  is 
invading  the  ancient  Provence;  the  antipodean  forest  is  gradually  taking  the  place  of 
the  indigenous  species  of  the  Old  World. 

Felix  Sathut  states  in  his  Les  Eucalj^ptus,  published  in  1888,  that — 

The  Eucalyptus  *  *  *  is  certainly  of  all  the  exotic  trees  thus  transplanted  the 
one  which  excites  the  most  astonishment  by  the  rapidity  of  its  growth,  its  gigantic 
proportions,  and  the  very  great  diversity  of  its  appearance  and  foliage.  It  is  already 
so  abundant  that  it  is  encountered  at  every  step  in  the  public  places,  in  all  the 
gardens,  and  it  is  already  being  iised  as  a  forest  sort. 

In  France,  Eucal3'ptus  culture  is  still  confined  almost  exclusivel}' to 
the  Mediterranean  coast  region,  no  species  having  been  generally 
introduced  that  will  withstand  the  frosts  that  occur  at  most  points  to 
the  north  of  this  favored  maritime  district.  From  that  country  cul- 
ture has  extended  into  most  of  the  region  about  the  Mediterranean, 
including  its  islands.  On  the  island  of  Corsica  these  trees  have  been 
grown  with  special  appreciation  of  their  value,  several  publications 
having  been  written  concerning  their  culture  there. 

In  Italy,  Eucalypts  were  grown  previous  to  1870  simply  as  botanical 
or  ornamental  specimens.  During  that  year  the}"  were  lirst  set  in 
large  numbers  for  the  sanitar}'  improvement  of  a  locality.  The  most 
extensive  planting  made  that  year  was  by  the  Trappist  monks  at 
Tres  Fontane  in  the  Campagna  Romana,  where  malaria  was  very 
prevalent.  Charles  Belmont  Davis,  American  consul  at  Florence  in 
1894,  writes,  in  Consular  Reports  No.  168,  that — 

A  few  monks  used  to  go  to  this  place  from  Rome  every  morning  after  the  sun  had 
cleared  away  the  fog,  plant  as  many  of  the  Eucalyptus  globulus  as  they  could  during 
the  day,  and  return  to  the  city  in  the  evening.  *  *  *  Over  55,000  Eucalyptus 
trees  are  planted  at  this  place  to-day.  *  *  *  At  present  Italy  has  at  least  100,000 
Eucalyptus  under  successful  cultivation,  30,000  of  Avhich  are  due  to  the  railway  com- 
panies and  70,000  to  private  enterprise. 

According  to  a  report  made  by  Herbert  W.  Bowen,  American 
consul  at  Barcelona,  in  189-1,  Eucalj'pts  were  introduced  into  Spain 
in  1865,  where  Eucaly])tiis  glohulus  became  known  as  the  ''fever 
tree,"  "because  it  is  believed  to  purif}^  bogg}' and  aqueous  regions 
that  engender  fevers."     Mr.  Bowen  writes: 

The  French  are  the  most  active  and  intelligent  (if  we  leave  our  own  Californians 
out  of  the  question)  in  propagating  the  tree.  Hardly  less  sanguine  than  the  French 
a^j-y  *  *  *  tj^g  Spaniards,  who  hope  by  cultivating  the  Eucalyptus  to  eliminate 
from  the  atmosphere  the  noxious  exhalations  of  their  soil,  and  to  secure  an  ample 
supply  of  woodland  and  wood. 

In  Portugal  and  in  Greece  Eucalypts  are  grown  successfully,  but 
have  not  yet  been  planted  on  so  extensive  a  scale  as  in  other  parts  of 
southern  Europe. 


Bui.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  I. 


A.    EucALYPTS  AS  Forest  Cover  for  Parks,  East  Lake  Park,  Los  Angeles,  Cal 


B.    Eucalypts  as  Wind-breaks.    Eucalyptus  globulus  Protecting  an  Orange  Orchard 
near  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  5ept.  of  Agriculture. 


A.      Eucalyptus  cornu 


B.      Eucalyptus  corynocalvx. 
EUCALYPTS  AS  AVENUE   SHADE   TREES   NEAR   SaNTA    MoNICA,    CaL. 


Jul.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S,  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  111. 


Public  Road  near  Alhambra.  Cal. 


3ul.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U,  S.  Dept.  of  Agricuitu 


A.      View   in   a  Grove   20  Years  Otn   near   Los   Angeles,    Ca 


B.      Cabin   near   Los   Angeles.      '  Eucalvptus  viminalis   in    Foreground.  I 

The  Blue  Gum  ^  Eucalyptus  globulus'  as  a  Timber  Tree. 


THE    EUCALYPTS    AS    EXOTICS.  17 

IN  AFRICA. 

About  the  same  time  that  the  Eucalypts  were  introduced  into  France 
the}'  were  carried  into  the  French  colonics  in  northern  Africa.  The 
Blue  Gum  {Eiiealyptioi  glohulus)  i.s  reported  to  have  been  introduced 
into  Alg'eria  in  1854,  a  little  over  half  a  centur}-  after  the  discover}-  of 
the  species  in  Tasmania  by  La  Billardiere.  By  the  year  1875,  accord- 
ing to  Planchon,  it  had  been  planted  in  northern  Africa  '"by  hundreds 
of  thousands,  in  groves,  in  avenues,  in  groups,  in  isolated  stalks,  in 
ever}'  section  of  three  provinces;  and  the  foreigner  who  does  not  know 
the  exotic  origin  of  the  P^ucalyptus  would  suppose  it  to  be  an  indigen- 
ous tree,"  He  adds:  "No  tree  has  in  so  short  a  space  of  time  intro- 
duced into  the  forest  vegetation  of  Algeria  so  picturesque  an  element, 
or  is  as  useful  and  as  promising  for  the  future." 

Prof.  Louis  Trabut,  Government  botanist  of  Algeria,  wrote  to  the 
author  as  follows,  under  date  of  October  14,  1900: 

Relative  to  the  Eucalyptus,  this  tree  has  been  ijlanted  in  Algeria  since  1870. 
Only  E.  globulus  was  planted  for  several  years.  Lately  they  have  planted  E.  rostrata. 
These  are  the  only  species  that  have  been  generally  planted.  Among  amateurs  100 
other  species  may  be  found.  The  Eucalyi)tuK  has  rendered  great  service  to  the 
country  in  quickly  growing  wood  for  the  timbers  of  sheds  and  other  farm  buildings. 

Eucalyptus  culture  has  continued  to  spread,  now  extending  through- 
out other  parts  of  the  continent,  more  especially  in  the  English  and 
Dutch  colonies  of  southern  Africa.  James  Bryce,  in  his  Impressions 
of  South  Africa,  published  in  1897,  says,  concerning  the  planting  of 
Eucalypts  in  the  latter  region: 

The  want  of  forests  in  South  Africa  is  one  of  the  greatest  misfortunes  of  the  coun- 
try, for  it  makes  timbercostly.  *  *  *  Unfortunately,  most  of  the  South  African  trees 
grow  slowly;  so  where  planting  has  been  attempted  it  is  chiefly  foreign  sorts  that  are 
tried.  Among  these  the  first  place  belongs  to  the  Australian  gums,  because  they 
shoot  up  faster  than  any  others.  One  finds  them  now  everywhere,  mostly  in  rows 
or  groups  around  a  house  or  a  hamlet,  but  sometimes  also  in  regular  plantations. 
They  have  become  a  conspicuous  feature  in  the  landscape  of  the  veldt  plateau, 
especially  in  those  places  where  there  was  no  wood,  or  the  little  that  existed  has 
been  destroyed.  *  *  *  If  this  goes  on,  those  Australian  immigrants  will  sensibly 
affect  the  aspect  of  the  country,  just  as  they  have  affected  that  of  the  Riviera  in 
southeastern  France,  of  the  Campagna  of  Rome,  of  the  rolling  toi)s  of  the  Xilghiri 
hills  in  South  India. 

IN  SOUTHERN  ASIA. 

It  is  reported  that  the  Eucalypts  were  introduced  into  soutiiern 
India  as  early  as  1813.  Several  thou.sand  acres  are  now  covered  with 
these  trees,  principally  upon  the  Nilghiri  and  Palui  hills.  In  parts 
of  India  a  great  variety  of  Eucalypts  thrive,  while  in  other  sections 
only  a  limited  number  of  species  can  be  grown.  Some  large  planta- 
tions there  are  now  10  years  old.  In  the  consular  report  for  Sep- 
27719— No.  35—02 2 


18  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

tember,  1894,  \.  L.  Polk,  then  consul-general  at  Calcutta,  remarks 
concerning  the  Blue  (nnn  {EucaJyjjtus  glohulus):  '"It  may  be  said  gen- 
eralh'  that  the  growth  of  this  species  is  an  unqualified  success.'- 

IN  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

The  Eucalypts  have  been  grown  in  parts  of  South  America  for  over 
thirty  years.  Interest  in  them  in  the  Argentine  Repul^lic  was  aroused 
b}^  the  careful  work  of  Dr.  Ernest  Aberg,  who  conducted  cultural 
experiments  with  the  genus  and  in  1871  published  a  work  upon  the 
importance  of  these  trees  for  a  wood  supply.  They  are  grown  to  some 
extent  in  Peru,  in  Venezuela,  and  in  other  parts  of  the  continent. 

IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 

The  Eucalypts  were  introduced  into  North  America  only  a  few 
3^ears  after  their  introduction  into  France  and  Algeria,  the  merits  of 
the  genus  being  earh'  recognized  by  Californians.  It  is  reported  that 
they  were  introduced  into  California  in  1856  by  Mr.  "Walker,  of  San 
Francisco,  and  in  that  year  11  species  were  planted.  In  1860  Mr. 
Stephen  Nolan,  a  pioneer  nurseryman  of  Oakland,  being  greatly 
impressed  with  the  rapid  growth  of  these  first  trees,  and  also  with  their 
evident  adaptability  to  the  climate,  commissioned  a  sea  captain  sailing 
for  Australian  ports  to  secure  an}-  Eucalyptus  seed  he  could,  at  the 
same  time  furnishing  money  with  which  to  make  the  purchase.  A 
large  supply  of  seed  of  several  species,  including  Eucalyptus  vlminalis^ 
was  received  from  this  source,  and  sown  in  1861.  Mr.  Nolan  continued 
to  import  seed  in  quantit}^  for  several  3'ears,  distributing  the  seedlings 
widel}^  through  the  State. 

The  country  is  especially  indebted  to  Hon.  Ellwood  Cooper  for  call- 
ing attention  to  the  merits  of  the  Eucalypts.  For  many  years  he  was 
very  active  in  bringing  the  genus  to  the  attention  of  the  citizens  of 
California.     Under  date  of  May  28,  1900,  he  writes: 

There  were  Blue  Gum  trees  growing  in  the  State  during  my  first  visit  in  1868.  I 
saw  a  few  specimens  in  private  gardens  from  10  to  20  feet  high ;  was  attracted  to 
their  beauty;  so  that  when  I  located  in  Santa  Barbara,  in  1870,  I  at  once  conceived 
the  idea  of  forest  planting. 

In  1875  he  delivered  in  Santa  Barbara  a  lecture  in  which  his  enthu- 
siasm for  the  genus  found  expression.  This  was  probably  the  first 
address  on  the  subject  in  America.  His  interest  in  these  trees  (and, 
incidentally,  the  rapidit}"  of  their  growth,  wdiich  is  one  of  the  causes 
of  their  I'apid  introduction)  is  shown  by  the  following  statement  made 
by  him  upon  that  occasion: 

At  my  home  I  have  growing  about  50,000  trees.  The  oldest  were  transplanted 
three  years  ago.  A  tree  three  years  and  two  months  from  the  seed,  transplanted  two 
years  and  ten  months  ago,  is  9i  inches  in  diameter  and  42  feet  6  inches  high. 


THE    EUCALYPTS    AS    EXOTICS.  19 

During  the  interv'^ening  quarter  century  Mr.  Cooper  has  continued 
the  extensive  planting  of  Eucalypts.  He  has  set  them  in  canyons 
and  on  steep  hillsides,  has  utilized  them  for  a  forest  cover,  for  wmd- 
breaks,  for  shade  on  avenues,  for  sources  of  timber  and  wood,  as 
well  as  for  ornament,  thus  furnishing  the  countr}-  an  object  lesson 
of  what  the  tree  will  do  for  an  appreciative  planter.  He  now  has 
about  200  acres  of  his  ranch  north  of  Santa  Barbara  covered  with  for- 
ests of  these  trees.  Here  is  the  best  place  in  America  to  see  a  large 
variety  of  Eucal3'pts  grown  as  forest  trees.  Several  varieties  to  be 
seen  only  as  botanical  or  ornamental  specimens  elsewhere  can  be  seen 
here  growing  by  the  acre.  Mr.  Cooper's  groves  have  been  and  will 
continue  to  be  valuable  sources  of  information  as  to  the  behavior, 
when  growing  in  forests,  of  several  species  not  yet  generally  Dlanted 
in  America. 

A  great  impetus  has  been  given  the  planting  of  Eucalypts  in  the 
southwestern  United  States  by  the  labors  of  Hon.  Abbot  Kinney,  of 
Los  Angeles.  As  chairman  of  the  California  Board  of  Forestry  from 
1886  to  1888  he  rendered  a  great  service  to  the  State  in  causing  the 
planting  of  thousands  of  Eucalypts  within  her  borders.  A  large  per- 
centage of  the  trees  of  species  other  than  Eucalyptus  glohidus,  now 
growing  in  the  Southwest,  are  from  plants  distributed  during  his 
administration.  Mr.  Kinney  has  ever  since  been  an  enthusiastic  stu- 
dent and  planter  of  trees  of  this  genus,  and  has  written  more  upon 
Eucalypts  than  any  other  American.  In  southern  California  espe- 
ciall  V,  and  in  Arizona  also,  the  planting  of  these  trees  has  been  extended 
very  much  hx  his  work. 

During  recent  years  the  planting  of  Eucah'pts  has  been  stimulated  by 
the  labors  of  ]\Ir.  A.  Campbell-Johnston,  of  Garvanza,  Cal.,  an  ardent 
student  and  admirer  of  these  trees,  who  by  his  writings  and  his  example 
has  done  much  to  attract  attention  to  the  merits  of  the  genus.  The 
tirm  with  which  he  is  connected  at  South  Pasadena,  Cal.,  is  rendering 
a  service  of  incalculable  value  in  furnishing  for  planting  authentically 
named  seedling  Eucalypts.  Mr.  Campbell-Johnston  is  also  conducting 
at  his  ranch  the  most  extensive  cultural  test  of  species  of  Eucalyptus 
that  has  been  made  in  America. 

It  is  through  the  labors  of  such  men  as  have  been  mentioned,  and 
of  many  others,  that  the  Eucatypts  have  become  disseminated  and 
recognized  and  very  generall}'  planted  throughout  California.  The 
landscape  of  manj^  parts  of  the  State  has  been  completely  changed 
b}'  the  growth  of  these  trees.  Over  much  of  the  State  they  are  the 
principal  wind-break,  shade,  and  fuel  trees,  and  the  number  of  useful 
purposes  they  serve  is  continually  increasing.  Without  the  Eucah'pts 
California  would  be  a  very  different  State,  and  their  value  to  the  Com- 
monwealth is  beyond  calculation. 

From  California  the  planting  of  Eucalypts  extended  into  Arizona, 


20  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Kew  Mexico,  Texas,  and  Florida.  In  most  cases  the  Blue  Gum 
{Eucaly2)tu8  glolmlus)^  the  species  that  had  been  most  successfully 
grown  in  California,  was  the  one  first  planted  in  these  regions.  The 
Blue  Gum  is  not  adapted  to  these  regions  and  this  has  led  to  the  belief 
that  no  Eucalypts  would  thrive  there.  In  southern  Arizona,  for 
example,  the  Blue  Gum  does  not  endure  the  dry  heat  of  summer,  while 
in  Florida  the  frosts  of  winter  have  been  fatal  to  it.  But  in  some  of 
these  places  more  resistant  species  have  been  introduced  and  are  grow- 
ing satisfactorily.  A  more  careful  and  systematic  study  of  the  genus, 
accompanied  by  cultural  tests,  will  undoubtedly  result  in  the  discovery 
of  additional  and  probably  better  species  for  these  and  other  regions. 

Eucah'pts  have  been  introduced  from  California  into  Mexico  also, 
and  their  merits  are  being  graduall}-  recognized  there. 

The  introduction  of  heretofore  untried  species  is  continuing  in  the 
Southwest,  and  the  number  grown  there  is  thus  rapidly  increasing. 
During  the  past  three  or  four  j^ears  especially  a  great  man}'  species 
have  been  added  to  the  list  of  those  grown  in  America.  The  forty 
species  discussed  at  length  in  this  publication  comprise  the  species 
known  to  the  writer  that  have  been  introduced  long  enough  to  produce 
seed,  and  thus  establish  their  identit}-.  Five  years  hence  a  large  num- 
ber of  additional  species  will  have  fruited,  and  a  publication  covering 
the  sime  ground  that  this  one  aims  to  cover  would  then  include  nearl}^ 
twice  the  number  discussed  in  these  pages.  The  recently  introduced 
species  are  growing  mosth^  at  the  Universit}^  of  California,  at  forestry 
stations  at  Santa  Monica  and  Chico,  on  the  ranch  of  A.  Campbell- 
Johnston  (Garvanza),  in  Elysian  Park  (Los  Angeles),  and  upon  the 
experiment  station  farm  near  Phoenix.  Their  development  is  being 
closel}'  watched  h\  those  interested  in  their  planting,  and  by  whom 
the  great  future  possibilities  in  these  recent  arrivals  from  the  native 
home  of  the  genus  is  fully  realized. 

WRITERS  UPON  EUCALYPTS. 
FOREIGN. 

Much  has  been  written  concerning  this  ver}'  interesting  group  of 
trees.  Most  of  the  publications  have  been  in  English  and  in  French^ 
several  score  in  each  language.  A  few  have  appeared  in  Italian,  a  few 
in  German,  and  a  few  in  Spanish. 

The  most  comprehensive  work  on  the  Eucalypts  is  Baron  von  Muel- 
ler's Eucalyptographia,  a  ten-part  illustrated  monograph,  published 
by  the  government  printer  at  Melbourne,  Australia,  and  by  Trubner 
&  Co.,  London,  1879  to  1884.  One  hundred  species  are  illustrated 
and  described,  with  their  climatic  requirements  and  their  uses  quite 
fully  given.  Baron  Von  Mueller  expressed  in  the  final  number  a  hope 
that  during  the  years  remaining  to  him  supplemental  parts  might  be 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


A.      WouD   Ci 


;i  uE  Gum  Grove  near  Los  Angeles,  C - 


Wood  Cut  from   Red  Gum   I  Eucalyptus  rostrata)   Grove  upon   Ranch  of  Ellwood  Cooper  near  Santa  Barbara,  Cal 
(Young  Growth  from  Stumps  in   Background.) 

EUCALYPTS  AS  A  SOURCE  OF  FUEL. 


35,   Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultun 


A.    Logs  Ready  to  be  Cut  by  Steam  Sawing  Machine,  Visible  in  Background. 


TIk-  JU-iuTf  tract  averaged  so  cords  per  acre,  tlie  growth  of  seven  years,  from  stumps  of  trees  previously  cut 
for  fuel  twice.    Sprouts  are  appearing  from  "some  of  the  stumps. 


3ul.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture 


B.     Three  Years'  Growth. 

Blue  Gums  (Eucalyptus  globulusi  Growing  from  Stumps  of  Trees  Cut  for  Fuel. 


Bui.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  VIM. 


Eucalyptus  rudis  at   Minnewawa   Ranch.    Fresno.   Cal. 

EucALYPTS  Growing  Spontaneously  under  Parent  Trees. 


WRITERS    UPON    EUCALYPTS.  21 

issued,  discussing-  a  portion  at  least  of  the  20  to  30  species  that  he  then 
recognized  as  remaining-  untreated  in  his  Eucalyptographia.  That  he 
did  not.  however,  expect  to  bring  the  work  upon  the  genus  to  a  close 
before  his  death  is  shown  by  the  following:  *'  The  author  can  not  hope 
during  the  remaining  ])rief  period  of  his  lifetime  to  complete  the 
present  work  with  some  approach  to  exhaustivcness  of  the  subject." 
Though  he  continued  working  on  the  genus  during  much  of  the 
remaining  fourteen  years  of  his  life,  no  additional  parts  were  issued. 
The  great  man  had  deyoted,  with  remarkable  energy  and  enthusiasm, 
nearly  half  a  century-  to  the  study  of  the  genus,  without  exhausting 
the  subject  or  completing  a  work  that  purported  to  cover  it.  Unfor- 
tunateh'  the  Eucalyptographia  is  now  out  of  print,  and  it  is  prac- 
tically impossible  to  secure  a  copy  l)y  purchase.  There  arc  probably 
but  live  copies  of  the  work  in  America,  with  little  possibility  of  the 
number  ever  being  increased. 

The  fullest  treatment  of  the  genus  Eucalyptus  from  the  botanical 
standpoint  is  to  be  found  in  Volume  III  of  the  Flora  Australiensis, 
])y  Bentham  and  von  Mueller,  published  in  1866  In-  L.  Reeve  &  Co., 
London.  This  volume  contains  botanical  descriptions  of  all  the  species 
then  known,  185  in  number.  The  common  colonial  names  of  a  large 
number  of  the  species  are  given,  and  the  part  of  Australia  in  which 
each  species  was  reported  as  growing  is  stated. 

Rev.  William  Woolls,  of  New  South  Wales,  is  the  author  of  two 
works  containing  nmch  information  concerning  the  genus:  A  Con- 
tril)ution  to  the  Flora  of  Australia;  The  Genus  E^ucalyptus,  and  The 
Plants  of  New  South  >\^ales.  J.  Ednie  Brown,  in  New  South  Wales; 
I.  G.  Luehmann,  in  Victoria;  A.  W.  Howitt,  inGippsland,  and  Walter 
Gill,  in  South  Australia,  have  each  contributed  to  the  literature  of  the 
subject. 

Mr.  Joseph  H.  Maidt^n,  director  of  the  botanical  gardens  at 
Sj'dnev,  New  South  Wales,  and  Mr.  F.  Manson  Bailey,  colonial 
botanist,  Brisbane,  Queensland,  are  activel}^  engaged  in  work  upon 
the  genus.  Mr.  Maiden  is  in  a  sense  continuing  the  work  of  Baron  von 
Mueller.  His  papers  upon  the  Eucalypts  as  timber  trees  in  Australia 
and  upon  the  new  species  that  he,  in  conjunction  with  Henry  Deane, 
has  detected,  are  very  valuable.  Maiden  writes  that  he  is  at  present 
engaged  upon  the  manuscript  of  a  Revisio  Critica  which  he  hopes  to 
publish  before  long.  Such  a  publication  from  his  pen  will  be  of  incal- 
culable value  to  students  of  the  Eucal3'pts,  and  will  undoubtedh^  do 
nu:ch  to  remove  the  confusion  that  now  exists  concerning  the  names 
of  many  species.  His  descriptions  already  published,  both  botanical 
and  popular,  are  models  of  clearness,  conciseness,  and  completeness. 

The  French  have  been  prolific  writers  upon  the  culture  and  uses  of 
th(^  Eucalypts,  but  their  articles  are  usually  brief.  Most  of  their  pub- 
lications treat  especially  of  Kundyptu^  glohuJii.^;  some,  however,  are 
general,  but  only  a  few  discuss  the  various  species  separately. 


22  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IK    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

The  late  Charles  Xaiidin.  director  of  the  botanical  laboratorj^  at  La 
Villa  Thuret,  Antibes,  was  the  author  of  two  works  on  the  Eucalypts, 
the  first,  published  in  1S83,  entitled  The  Eucalyptus  introduced  into 
the  Mediterranean  liegion;"  the  second  published  in  1891,  entitled 
Description  and  Use  of  Eucalyptas  introduced  in  Europe.  Besides 
a  discussion  of  the  general  characteristics  of  Eucalypts,  they  contain 
descriptions  of  the  species  grown  about  the  Mediterranean,  56  in  num- 
ber, of  which  13  were  established  by  Naudin  himself  as  a  result  of  his 
cultural  tests  and  his  observations  on  the  growth  of  Eucalypts  in  his 
region. 

The  most  extended  g-eneral  treatise  on  Eucalypts  in  the  French 
language  is  Les  Eucalyptus,  by  Felix  Sahut,  of  Montpelier.  It 
contains  a  discussion  of  this  genus,  principally  with  reference  to  its 
geographical  distribution,  together  with  a  history  of  its  discovery; 
and  also  gives  descriptions  of  its  forest,  industrial,  sanitary,  and 
medicinal  adaptabilities,  with  suggestions  regarding  its  culture. 

Of  the  many  other  French  writers  on  the  Eucalypts,  the  following 
have  treated  of  their  culture  in  France:  Ramel,  Raveret-Watel,  Plan- 
chon,  Nardy,  Certeux,  Joly,  and  Combes;  of  their  culture  in  Algeria, 
Lambert,  Cordier.  Bertheraud,  and  Trottier;  in  the  island  of  Corsica, 
Carlotti. 

AMERICAN. 

A  few  publications  treating  of  the  Eucalypts  have  appeared  on  the 
Pacific  coast.  The  first,  a  compilation  by  Hon.  Ellwood  Cooper,  was 
published  in  1876.  The  work  consisted  of  a  popular  lecture  (previ- 
ously mentioned)  on  "Forest  Culture  and  Australian  Gum  Trees," 
by  Mr.  Cooper;  two  lectures  of  a  similar  character  b}"  Baron  von 
Mueller;  a  paper  by  the  latter  upon  "Australian  Vegetation,"  and 
descriptions  of  species  of  Eucalypts  copied  from  the  writings  of  Baron 
von  Mueller  and  from  a  seed  catalogue. 

The  most  extensive  American  work  on  the  genus  appeared  in  1895 — 
an  illustrated  volume  of  300  pages,  from  the  pen  of  Hon.  Abbot  Kin- 
ney and  the  press  of  B.  R.  Baumgardt  &  Co.,  Los  Angeles.  This 
important  work  treats  the  Eucalypts  from  the  aesthetic,  the  botanical, 
and  the  utilitarian  standpoints.  An  unfortunate  lack  of  system 
detracts  from  the  usefulness  of  the  book;  but  it  is  a  mine  of  valuable 
information  and  suggestions.  Each  species  that  was  known  by  Mr. 
Kinney  to  be  growing  in  California  is  discussed.  The  work  also  con- 
tains directions  for  planting  and  caring  for  Eucalypts;  the  results  of 
cultural  tests  of  a  large  number  of  species,  and  the  results  of  the  dis- 
tillation of  the  oil  from  26  species;  several  papers  by  other  writers 
upon  the  medicinal  and  chemical  phases  of  the  subject;  and  many  useful 
tables  and  other  matter  from  Baron  von  Mueller's  great  work.     Most 


WKITERS    UPON    EUCALYPTS.  23 

of  the  botanical  portion  and  many  of  the  illustrations  were  contri})uted 
by  the  writer  of  this  work. 

Mr.  J.  Burtt  Davy,  of  the  University  of  California,  contributes  the 
article  upon  "Eucalyptus"  in  Volume  II  of  Prof.  L.  H.  Bailey's 
Cyclopedia  of  American  Horticulture.  The  article  contains  brief 
botanical  descriptions  of  52  species,  summarized  from  Baron  von 
Mueller's  Eucalyptographia,  and  "verified  by  reference  to  herbarium 
specimens  wherever  these  were  available."  Some  statements  in  this 
article  concerning  the  propagation  of  Eucalypts  do  not  agree  with 
experience  here  in  the  Southwest,  where  the  growing  of  seedlings  is 
not  a  simple  matter. 


Jul.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agncultun 


Plate  IX. 


A.     Reauy  to  Transfer   to  Fresh  Roil. 


Ready   to  Set  is    FielD- 

EucALYPT  Seedlings  in  Propagation  Boxes. 


3ul.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Eucalyptus  amygdalina,  East  Lake  Park,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XI. 


Eucalyptus  botryoides.  Trees  3  Years  Old. 


35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultur 


Eucalyptus  BOTRvuiULb.  Thle  15  Years  Old. 


PART    II. 

CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE  GENUS  EUCALYPTUS. 

GENERAL  CHARACTERISTICS. 

The  genus  Eucalyptus  includes  about  150  species.  Most  of  them 
are  trees  of  large  size;  some  of  them  among  the  largest  in  the  world. 
They  range,  however,  from  immense  trees  towering  high  on  plains 
and  hillsides  down  to  small  shrubs  that  cover  desert  or  alpine  regions. 

They  grow  in  a  great  variety  of  soils  and  climates,  the  various  native 
environments  having  thus  resulted  in  the  development  of  species  that 
are  quite  different  from  one  another.  In  their  native  home  the}^  grow 
both  scattered  and  in  forests. 

The  Eucalypts  are  all  evergreens,  a  fact  that  should  be  taken  into 
consideration  when  planting  them. 

Many  of  the  species  are  vigorous  growers,  a  few  being  especially 
noted  for  the  great  rapidity  of  their  growth.  The  Blue  Gum  {Euca- 
lyptus (jlohulus)  is  one  of  the  fastest  growing  of  the  genus.  On  the 
ranch  of  Hon.  Ellwood  Cooper,  near  Santa  Barbara,  Cal.,  trees  of  this 
species  25  j^ears  old  are  as  large  as  oaks  whose  rings  show  them  to  be 
200  to  300  years  old.  As  to  their  growth  in  France,  Prof.  Charles 
Naudin,  in  his  memoir  on  Eucalyptus,  published  in  1891,  says: 

In  a  score  of  years  they  (the  Blue  Gums)  attain  at  least  the  volume  and  the  height 
of  an  oak  a  century  old.  Some  others,  though  not  growing  as  rapidly,  are  moreover 
remarkable  for  the  short  time  in  which  they  may  be  used  for  carpentry,  for  joinery, 
for  carriage  making,  for  agricultural  implements,  for  railroad  sleepers,  and  for  tele- 
jj^raph  poles. 

It  is  this  rapiditv  of  growth,  enabling  them  to  reach  the  stature  of 
trees  in  a  few  \-ears,  that  has  been  the  principal  cause  of  the  popularity 
of  the  Eucalypts  where  they  have  been  introduced. 

Most  species  if  pruned,  or  if  cut  off  at  the  ground,  sprout  freely, 
sending  up  shoots  that  usually  make  a  very  vigorous  growth.  This 
makes  it  possible  to  cut  the  trees  for  fuel,  for  timber,  or  for  other 
purposes,  and  in  a  comparatively  short  time  to  again  have  a  forest 
containing  as  much  timber  as  before  the  trees  were  cut.  A  Blue  Gum 
{EucalypUis  globuluH)  8  to  10  years  old,  if  cut  to  the  ground,  will  send 

25 


FOREST  RESOURCFS 
LIBRARY 


26  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IJST    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

up  shoots  that  will  reach  a  height  of  75  or  100  feet  in  from  six  to  eight 
3'ears.  Several  other  species  make  an  almost  equall}'  rapid  growth 
after  being  cut.  The  cutting  maA'  be  repeated  ever}^  few  years  for  an 
indeiinite  period. 

Eucalypts  are  propagated  only  from  seed.  To  this  fact  is  due  their 
comparative  freedom  from  injurious  insects  and  from  diseases  usual 
to  exotics  which  have  been  introduced  into  America  by  cuttings  or 
seedlings.  Their  dissemination  throughout  the  world  having  been  by 
seeds  alone,  the  insect  enemies  and  the  parasitic  fungi  of  their  native 
home  have  been  left  behind.  In  America  they  have  few  insect  enemies, 
and  they  are  remarkably  free  from  disease. 

THE  TRUNK. 

The  character  of  the  trunk  varies  considerably.  Of  many  species 
the  trunk  is  erect  and  straight-grained;  of  others  it  is  more  or  less 
curved  and  twisted.  In  the  majority  of  species  the  trunk  diminishes 
in  size  upward  very  gradually,  being  long  and  cylindrical.  It  is  this 
characteristic  that  makes  many  of  them  so  admirably  adapted  for 
masts,  piles,  bridge  timbers,  and  telegraph  poles. 

The  bark  of  the  different  species  shows  great  variety.  In  some  it 
is  very  rough,  while  in  others  it  is  quite  smooth.  In  many  species  its 
character  changes  considerably  with  age.  The  bark  of  all  seedlings 
is  smooth,  that  of  some  remaining  so  permanently,  that  of  others 
becoming  more  or  less  rough  and  furrowed  as  the  tree  grows  older. 
Some  rough  barks  are  fibrous  and  stringy  on  the  outside,  while  others 
are  hard  and  lirittle.  Trees  having  the  former  kind  of  bark  are  com- 
monly known  as  stringy-barks;  those  having  the  latter,  as  iron-barks. 
Intermediate  between  the  above  two  types  is  a  Imrk,  somewhat  fibrous, 
but  more  or  less  scal}^  on  the  outside,  like  that  of  the  American  Ash. 
Of  several  species  the  bark  of  the  limbs  is  much  smoother  than  that 
of  the  trunk;  and  often,  in  the  same  species,  the  surface  of  the  bark 
varies  considerably,  l)cing  modified  by  the  soil  and  climate.  The  bark 
remains  permanentl}^  on  the  trunks  and  limbs  of  some  species,  while 
from  others  the  outer  la^'er  falls  away  freely  in  sheets  or  strips,  leav- 
ing the  fresh  surface  smooth  and  lighter  in  color.  The  surface  of  the 
bark  of  different  species  varies  in  color  from  light  cream  to  dark  brown. 

The  matured  wood  of  all  species  is  hard — of  some  species  very 
hard.  Of  many  species  it  is  tough  and  durable,  resembling  in  this 
respect  the  wood  of  American  oaks  and  hickories.  The  wood  of  some 
species  is  heavier  than  water.  The  wood  varies  a  good  deal  in  grain, 
being  straight-grained  and  easily  split  in  some  species,  while  in  others 
it  is  gnarled  and  splits  with  great  difficulty.  For  this  reason  the 
various  species  furnish  timber  adapted  to  a  great  variety  of  uses. 
The  color  of  the  wood  varies  from  clear  white  to  a  rich  brown. 


CHARACTEKISTICS    OF    THE    CiENUS    EUCALYPTUS.  27 

THE  FOIilAGE. 

The  Eucalypts  present  great  variety  in  the  appearance  of  their  foli- 
age. Of  some  species  it  is  bluish,  of  others  a  light  or  grayish  green, 
and  of  still  others  a  very  dark  green.  Of  some  the  foliage  is  dense, 
but  of  many  species  it  is  open,  affording  but  little  shade.  The  foliage 
and  young  twigs  of  all  species  possess  a  more  or  less  pronounced  odor, 
due  to  the  presence  of  oil-dots.  To  the  majority'  of  people  the  odor 
of  most  species  is  agreeable — in  some  cases  quite  fragrant. 

Of  many  species  the  leaves  of  the  3"oung  seedlings  are  of  a  different 
shape  from  those  of  the  adult  tree.  As  a  rule,  the  leaves  of  the  seed- 
ling tree  are  broader,  shorter,  and  shorter-stemmed  than  those  of  the 
older  ones.  As  the  tree  grows  older,  the  newly  formed  leaves  are  com- 
monly successively  longer  and  narrower,  until  the  adult  form  is  reached. 
This  change  usualh'  occurs  during  the  first  year  or  two  of  the  tree's 
growth.  The  leaves  of  some  species  are  opposite  on  the  stem  of  the 
young  seedlings,  becoming  scattered  as  the  change  to  the  adult  leaf- 
form  occurs.  Only  a  few  species  have  permanently  opposite  leaves. 
These  marked  characteristics  in  seedling  leaves  furnish  one  means  of 
identifying  species.  A  grower  or  purchaser  of  young  Eucalypts,  if 
he  knows  what  the  nature  of  the  leaves  should  be,  can  distinguish  the 
species  very  earh'  in  their  development.  It  is  for  the  purpose  of 
furnishing  assistance  on  this  point  that  the  illustrations  of  seedlings 
are  given  in  this  publication.     (See  Pis.  LXXXI  to  LXXXIX.) 

The  mature  leaves  of  most  species  are  comparative!}'  long  and  slen- 
der, the  prevailing  shape  being  that  of  a  lance,  or  somewhat  curved 
like  a  sickle.  The}'  vary  considerably  as  to  texture,  those  of  some 
species  being  thin  and  papery,  while  those  of  the  majority  are  more 
or  less  thick  and  leathery.  Instead  of  spreading  horizontally  and 
being  darker  colored  above  than  below,  as  is  the  case  with  most  flat- 
leafed  trees,  the  leaves  of  the  majority  of  species  present  one  edge  to 
the  sky,  the  two  surfaces  consequently  having  the  same  or  nearly  the 
same  appearance.  Those  species  with  leaves  spreading  horizontally 
naturally  furnish  more  shade  than  those  whose  leaves  hang  with  one 
edge  skyward. 

THE  BLOOM. 

The  Eucalypts  bear  flowers  that  are  more  or  less  conspicuous.  The 
flowers  of  different  species  differ  suflSciently  to  render  very  material 
help  in  deciding  upon  the  correct  name  of  a  tree.  The  greatest 
differences  are  in  the  flower  buds,  which,  just  before  they  open,  are 
much  more  useful  in  determining  the  species  to  which  a  tree  belongs 
than  the  open  flowers.  ]Most  species  bloom  freol}'  and  many  bloom 
ver}'  profusely.  The  trees  of  most  species  produce  flowers  early  in 
their  development,  blossoms  sometimes  appearing  on  2  or  3  year  old 


28  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

trees  that  attain,  when  full  grown,  a  height  of  100  to  300  feet.  This 
early  blooming  greatly  facilitates  their  identitication  and  their  propa- 
gation from  seed.  The  flowering  periods  of  the  difterent  species  vary 
considerably ,  extending  through  the  entire  3'ear.  Some  species  remain 
in  blossom  a  large  portion  of  the  year,  some  bloom  during  two  dis- 
tinct periods  of  the  year,  while  of  others  the  flowering  season  is  quite 
limited. 

The  flowers  usualh^  grow  in  clusters,  which  botanists  call  umbels, 
rarely  singly.  The  clusters  are  borne  at  the  leaf  axils  or  at  the  ends 
of  branches,  usually  singly;  but  in  some  species  several  clusters  are 
found  arranged  in  what  botanists  call  a  panicle.  The  unopened  flower 
buds  are  hermetically'  sealed  l)}-  a  close  covering  that  corresponds  to 
the  outer  leaves,  or  calyx,  of  most  other  flowers.  It  was  this  close 
covering  of  the  flowers  that  suggested  to  L'Hertier,  the  botanist  who 
discovered  and  named  the  genus,  the  name  Eucalyptus,  the  word 
meaning  in  Greek  "  well  concealed.''  As  the  flower  opens,  the  upper 
part  separates  as  a  lid  and.  falls  away,  while  the  lower  half  of  the 
calyx  remains  permanently  and  incloses  the  developing  seeds.  At  the 
same  time  there  falls  awaj'  a  less  conspicuous  under  covering  that  is 
thought  to  correspond  to  the  petals  of  other  flowers.  The  flowers 
when  open,  therefore,  are  destitute  of  any  enveloping  flower  leaves. 
The  stamens  constitute  the  most  conspicuous  feature  of  the  opened 
flowers,  being  usually  very  numerous.  They  difi'er  considerabl}'  in 
color,  the  prevailing  tint,  however,  being  greenish  or  yellowish  white. 
Of  some  species  the  stamens  are  highly  colored,  thus  causing  the 
flowers  to  be  strikingl}^  beautiful,  and  consequently  highly  prized  for 
ornament. 

THE  SEEDS. 

The  persisting  portion  of  the  calyx  becomes  a  Arm,  tough  covering 
for  the  seed  case,  which  endures  much  weathering  and  usually  remains 
on  the  tree  for  a  considerable  period.  The  seed  cases  of  the  different 
species  vary  in  size  from  one-eighth  of  an  inch  to  1  inch  in  diameter. 
The  shapes  are  various,  the  prevailing  forms  being  that  of  a  cup,  a 
goblet,  a  top,  or  an  egg.  As  the  seed  cases  mature  the  upper  cover- 
ing separates  into  from  three  to  five  tooth-like  bodies  termed  valves, 
and  the  seeds  fall  out  between  them.  The  valves  when  open  either 
project  from  the  mouth  of  the  seed  case  or  are  included  in  it.  The 
shape  of  the  seed  case  and  the  position  of  the  valves  peculiar  to  each 
species  furnish  valuable  data  for  determining  the  name  of  a  Eucalypt. 

The  seeds  are,  with  a  few  exceptions,  quite  small  and  very  numerous, 
many,  however,  usuall}^  being  infertile.  The  smallness  of  the  seeds  (the 
usual  length  being  0.0-1  to  0.1  inch)  makes  their  transportation  easy 
and  the  rearing  of  3'oung  plants  on  a  large  scale  practicable.  The 
number  of  3"oung  plants  that  the  seeds  of  a  single  tree  would  produce 
per  year  is  enormous. 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultur 


Plate  XIII. 


Eucalyptus  calofhylla,  East  Lake  Park.  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


^ul    35,  Bureau  o^   Forestiy,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultur. 


Plate  XIV. 


Eucalyptus  citf^iodora    Tall  FoFiM.     Tree  15  Years  Old.  uouhlh  Ranch,  near  Santa 
Barbara,  Cal. 


35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept   of  Agriculture. 


Eucalyptus  citriodora— Spreading  Form.    Trees  20  Years  Old.  Cooper  Ranch,  near  Santa 

Barbara.  Cal. 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XVI. 


Eucalyptus  corymbosa,  State  FoREbihi  i. 


KELATIONS    OB^    THE    EUCALYPTS    TO    CLIMATE.  29 

EELATION  OF  THE  EUCALYPTS  TO  CLIMATE. 

GENERAL  CLIMATIC  REaUIREMENTS. 

The  Eucalypts  dili'er  considerably  as  to  the  cliuiatic  conditions  under 
which  the}'  thrive,  ])ut  all  the  larger  arboreal  forms  agree  in  requiring 
a  warm  climate.  Not  only  do  they  prefer  a  climate  that  is  equable, 
but  other  conditions  must  exist  in  order  that  the}'  may  be  grown 
successfully.  Prof.  Charles  Naudin,  in  his  memoir  on  the  genus, 
gives  quite  concisel}'  the  conditions  required  for  the  successful  growth 
of  Eucalypts.     He  says: 

The  first  condition  of  success  in  the  culture  of  Eucalyptus  is  a  climate  appropriate 
to  their  nature;  that  ia  to  say,  for  a  great  majority  of  the  species,  warm  summers,  a 
moderate  amount  of  rain,  a  certain  atmospheric  dryness,  plenty  of  sunlight,  and  very 
temperate  winters. 

While  all  thrive  best  in  regions  with  warm  summers,  man}'  species 
do  not  endure  the  summer  heat  of  certain  sections  of  southwestern 
North  America.  Regions  where  the  midsimuner  maximum  tempera- 
tures range  from  80^  to  105°  F.  are  best  suited  to  the  growth  of  these 
trees.  Some  species  thrive  in  regions  where  the  maximum  tempera- 
tures range  in  summer  from  100°  to  120°  F.,  but  the  number  is  lim- 
ited. The  various  species  differ  very  much  as  to  the  ajiiount  of  cold 
they  will  endure.  Some  will  stand  minimum  temperatures  of  10°  to 
15°  F.,  while  other  species  will  under  no  circumstances  endure  tem- 
peratures much  below  freezing.  The  degree  of  cold  that  any  species 
will  endure  depends  not  only  upon  the  other  conditions  of  the  atmos- 
phere at  the  time,  but  upon  the  nature  of  the  weather  that  has  pre- 
ceded. Low  temperatures  following  a  warm  period  that  has  stimu- 
lated growth  do  much  more  injury  than  the  same  degree  of  cold 
following  a  gradual  fall  in  temperature. 

AVhile  most  Eucalypts  are  benefited  by  occasional  heavy  rainfalls 
that  .saturate  the  soil  thoroughly,  frequent  rains  and  a  very  humid 
atmosphere  are  not  conducive  to  their  healthful  growth.  They  have 
the  power  of  absorbing  great  quantities  of  water  by  means  of  their 
roots,  but  the  above-ground  parts  of  most  species  prefer  to  be  in  quite 
dry  atmosphere,  at  least  for  a  portion  of  the  year.  A  few  .species 
grow  in  swami)y,  humid  regions,  but  the  majority  of  them  prefer 
drier  situations.  Plenty  of  sunlight  is  quite  essential  to  the  healthy 
growth  of  most  species,  few  of  them  thriving  in  the  shade  of  other 
trees  or  in  regions  having  nmch  cloudy  weather. 

CLIMATIC  AREAS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 

With  regard  to  the  eHect  of  climate  upon  the  Eucalypts,  Ave  may 
divide  the  United  States  into  four  sections.  In  the  first  and  largest 
division  the  winters  are  ordinarily  so  cold  as  to  kill  the  Eucalypts, 
and  their  growth  there  outdoors  is  consequently  impracticable.     This 


80  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

region  comprises  all  of  the  United  States  except  a  strip  varying  from 
100  to  300  miles  in  breadth  along  the  southern  and  the  southwestern 
border. 

In  the  second  division  the  winters  in  most  3^ears  are  so  mild  that 
growth  is  not  checked;  but  during  some  winters  a  cold  wave  passes  over 
the  region  that  kills  the  whole,  or  a  large  part  of  the  tree  that  has  grown 
during  the  years  in  which  no  unusually  cold  period  occurred.  In  this 
section  Eucalypts  never,  or  rarely,  become  dormant;  and  when  a  cold 
wave  comes  they  are  unprepared  for  it,  the  result  being  disastrous. 
This  region  consists  of  Florida  and  the  adjacent  coast  region  of  the 
south  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  In  Florida  the  conditions 
seem  to  be  especially  trying.  Col.  G.  H.  Norton,  of  Eustis,  Fla., 
writes,  under  date  of  February  6,  1900: 

All  Eucalypts  do  well,  but  are  killed  to  the  ground  when  a  very  severe  blizzard 
comes  and  the  mercury  falls  nmch  below  20°  F.  The  trouble  with  the  climate  is, 
we  have  warm  weather  nearly  all  the  time  in  winter,  with  an  occasional  cold  wave. 

Possibly  there  ma}'  be  a  species  as  yet  untried  there  that  would 
withstand  the  conditions  described. 

In  the  third  division  the  minimum  temperatures,  while  commonly 
quite  low  during  midwinter,  decrease  so  gradually  during  the  latter 
part  of  autuipn  that  the  growth  of  the  previous  year  has  time  to 
mature.  It  is  thus  able  to  endure  a  low  temperature  that  would  be 
fatal  in  the  second  division,  discussed  above,  where  the  weather  is 
alternately  warm  and  cold.  In  other  words,  these  evergreens,  in 
common  with  the  others  of  the  region,  both  native  and  exotic,  become 
dormant,  just  as  native  evergreens  do  in  the  colder  first  division.  For 
this  reason  man}^  Eucah'pts  can  be  grown  there  that  can  not  be  suc- 
cessfulh'  grown  in  the  second  division,  even  though  the  mean  tempera- 
tures of  the  winter  may  be  higher  in  the  latter.  This  region  consists 
of  the  interior  valleys  of  part  of  Texas,  of  southern  New  Mexico,  of 
southern  Arizona,  and  of  southern  California.  In  much  of  this  region 
the  summers  are  so  dry  and  hot  that  many  Eucalypts  can  not  endure 
them.  Consequentl}^  the  species  that  thrive  in  this  section  are  those 
that  both  endure  a  very  dry,  hot  atmosphere  and  become  sufficiently 
dormant  during  the  winter  to  endure  the  low  temperatures  that  occur. 
The  species  of  which  this  is  known  to  be  true  are  Eu<^alyj)tus  rostrata^ 
E.  Tudis^  E.  leucoxylrm,  E.  JieinipJdoia^  E.  2>olya^dhema^  E.  mellio- 
dfy)'a,  E.  corynoccdyx^  E.  tereticornis^  and  E.  saluhris. 

In  the  fourth  division  the  climate  is  so  equable  that  nearly  all 
species  of  the  genus  Eucalyptus  will  grow  in  it.  In  this  region  the 
mercury  rarel}^  falls  below  25°  F.  during  winter  nor  rises  much 
above  105°  F.  during  summer,  and  the  atmosphere  is  commonly 
moderately  humid.  This  division  consists  of  the  coast  region  of  central 
and  southern  California.  It  is  the  section  of  the  United  States  in  which 
Eucalypts  are  grown  most  extensivel}'  and  most  successfull3\ 


USES    OF   EUCALYPTS.  31 

Mexico  might  be  similarly  divided  into  four  Eucalypt  areas.  The 
territory  of  these  divisions  would  not  necessarily  he  contiguous,  but 
would  be  determined  by  elevation  rather  than  by  latitude  or  longitude. 

USES  OF  EUCALYPTS. 

The  Eucalypts  probably  serve  more  useful  purposes  than  the  trees 
of  any  other  genus  grown  on  the  globe,  except,  possiblv,  the  various 
palms.  Their  uses  are  very  diverse.  As  they  grow  the}^  serve  as  a 
forest  cover  to  mountains,  hills,  plains,  and  swamps,  as  wind-breaks, 
and  as  shade  trees.  While  growing  they  are  also  the  source  of  many 
gums  and  resins,  and  of  honey.  When  cut,  they  furnish  valuable  tim- 
ber, excellent  fuel,  and  a  very  useful  oil.  Besides  all  this,  many  of 
them  are  ornamental,  and  they  have  the  reputation  of  improving  the 
climate  of  the  region  in  which  they  grow.  Being  hardwood  trees,  they 
serve  the  useful  purposes  that  hardwood  trees  ordinarily  serve,  and 
besides  furnish  many  useful  products  similar  to  those  obtained  from 
a  variety  of  other  trees,  and  from  shrubs  and  herbs.  This  great 
variety  of  uses  is  made  available,  in  regions  where  they  have  but 
recentl}^  been  introduced,  by  reason  of  their  very  rapid  growth,  it  being 
possible  to  enjoy  many  of  their  uses  while  the  trees  are  still  standing, 
and  to  obtain  from  them  many  useful  products  within  a  very  few 
years  after  planting  them. 

AS  A  FOREST  COVER. 

It  is  as  forest  trees  that  the  Encalypts  are  most  useful;  planted  as 
ornamental  or  as  shade  trees  thev  are  often  disappointing.  Planters 
who  have  put  them  out  as  forest  trees  are  the  ones  who  have  derived 
the  greatest  benefit  from  them.  (PI.  I,  a.)  Hon.  Ellwood  Cooper, 
of  Santa  Barbara,  was  one  of  the  first  Americans  to  recognize  the 
prospective  value  of  Eucalypts  as  forest  trees.  He  acted  upon  his 
conviction,  and  has  for  a  score  of  years  been  reaping  the  reward. 
Besides  enjoying  the  beaut}^  and  shade  of  his  groves,  as  well  as  the 
beneficial  changes  they  have  wrought  in  the  climate  of  the  region,  he 
has  for  many  years  received  from  them  an  annual  income  of  no  incon- 
siderable amount.  Those  who  have  planted  them  singly  or  in  small 
groups  as  ornamental  or  shade  trees  have  received  little  or  no  financial 
return,  and  have  in  some  cases  been  disappointed  in  them  because  not 
serving,  as  they  had  hoped,  the  purpose  for  which  the}^  were  set. 

In  many  of  the  semitropic  portions  of  the  globe  the  Eucalypts  are 
the  trees  most  suitable  to  plant  for  forest  cover.  Much  of  the  treeless 
land  of  semitropic  America  might  be  covered  with  these  trees.  As 
the  conditions  under  which  the  difierent  Eucalypts  grow  in  Australia 
are  very  diverse,  it  is  evident  that,  if  the  species  are  properly  selected, 
thev  will  cover  nearlv  all  kinds  of  situations. 


32  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

The  species  suited  to  particular  localities  or  conditions  may  be  ascer- 
tained by  reference  to  pages  that  follow.  Those  that  g-row  in  Australia 
on  the  uplands  and  in  other  dr}^  situations  can  be  used  here  to  cover 
similar  regions.  In  the  Southwest  there  are  large  areas  of  hilly  coun- 
try, of  little  or  no  use  for  other  purposes,  that  might  be  transformed 
into  useful  forests  by  covering  them  with  these  trees.  This  covering 
of  the  hills  with  forests  will  not  only  furnish  shade,  a  source  of  honey, 
and  a  supply  of  fuel  and  timber,  but  will  prevent  the  too  rapid  run- 
off of  rain  water,  which  results  in  the  cutting  and  washing  of  hillsides 
and  in  other  forms  of  damage  below.  On  this  point  Mr.  Cooper,  in  a 
letter  to  the  writer  dated  June  18,  1900,  says: 

South  of  where  I  live,  about  one-eighth  of  a  mile,  is  a  steep  hillside.  I  noticed 
during  my  residence  the  first  years  that  heavy  rains  washed  down  the  soil,  all  the 
rain  running  off.  I  planted  Eucalyptus  trees  on  this  hillside,  about  4  feet  apart. 
When  these  trees  had  four  or  five  years  of  growth  we  had  a  tremendous  rain  storm, 
14  inches  of  rain  falling  in  four  days.  Nearly  all  this  water  was  held  by  the  trees, 
practically  none  running  off.  There  is  always  more  moisture  in  the  soil  near  these 
trees  than  some  distance  off.  There  is  no  question  as  to  the  great  importance  of  hav- 
ing our  mountain  sides  well  wooded  with  trees  and  bushes  to  preserve  the  rain  for 
the  benefit  of  the  valley  below. 

The  Eucalypts  can  be  utilized  as  a  forest  cover  for  mountains  as 
well  as  hillsides.  Several  species  grew  naturally  upon  the  mountains 
of  Australia.  These  will  serve  as  a  covering  for  bare  mountain  sides 
in  the  Southwest,  and  the  writer  believes  that  they  would  prove  quite 
valuable  for  recovering  those  that  have  been  denuded  of  their  natural 
forests  by  fire.  The  rapid  growing  species,  less  resistant  to  frost, 
could  be  planted  on  the  lower  parts  of  mountains,  and  the  somewhat 
slower-growing,  more  hardy  ones  farther  up  the  mountain  sides. 
Those  adapted  to  alpine  situations  may  be  planted  to  a  height  of  from 
4,000  to  6,000  feet. 

Lowlands,  too,  ma}'  be  covered  with  Eucalypts.  In  Australia  several 
species  grow  naturally  in  swamps  or  other  low  situations.  These  may 
be  utilized  for  covering  the  lowlands  in  warm  regions  in  other  parts 
of  the  world,  thus  reducing  the  amount  of  the  stagnant  water,  and  in 
other  ways  rendering  such  localities  more  agreeable. 

Judging  from  observations  made  during  the  past  few  j^ears  (the  most 
trying  years  upon  vegetation  that  have  been  experienced  in  the  South- 
west since  it  was  settled),  the  writer  believes  that  much  of  the  tree- 
less desert  region  might  be  forested  with  Eucalypts.  At  the  close  of 
the  season  of  1900,  the  driest  one  of  which  the  Weather  Bureau  has  a 
record,  trees  of  several  species  were  observed  growing  without  irriga- 
tion in  southern  Arizona,  antl  some  of  them  had  not  been  irrigated 
for  many  years.  Trees  of  the  Red  Gum  {Euccdijptm  rodrata)^  the 
Sugar  Gum  {E.  corynocaly.r)^  and  of  E.  tereticornis^  growing  in  a  neg- 
lected tract  under  desert  conditions  where  the  ground  water  vzas  about 
100  feet  below  the  surface,  endured  the  above  trying  summer.     This 


3ul,  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture 


Plate  XVII. 


Eucalyptus  corynocalix,  Showing  Trunks  Suitable  for  Fence  Posts. 


j|.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XVIII. 


.YPTUS   CREBRA.    COURT-HOUSE    GROUNDS.    FRESNU,    Cf 


j|.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XIX. 


Eucalyptus  diversicolor.  near  South  Pasadena.  Cal. 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U,  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Eucalyptus  eugenioides,  State  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  Cal. 


USES    OF    EUCALYPTS.  33 

indicates  that  these,  and  probably  other  species,  might  be  used  as  a 
forest  cover  for  similar  desert  regions.  In  order  to  g-ot  the  seedlings 
started  it  would  be  necessary-  to  water  and  cultivate  them  a  year  or 
two,  after  which  they  would  be  supported  by  the  rainfall,  especiallv 
in  localities  where  the  ground  water  is  near  the  surface. 

AS  WIND-BREAKS. 

In  the  Southwest  the  Eucalypts  have  been  found  very  useful  as 
wind-breaks.  Their  quick  growth  and  varied  habit  make  them 
peculiarly  adaptable  for  this  purpose.  Thus  a  low  tree  with  dense 
foliage  may  be  selected  where  a  low,  close  wind-break  is  desired,  and 
a  taller  species  where  a  higher  and  less  dense  shelter  is  needed. 
Owners  of  orchards,  especially  citrus  orchards,  have  found  them  par- 
ticularly beneficial  as  a  break  to  the  strong  winds  and  a  protection 
during  cold  weather.     (PI.  I,  b.) 

On  this  point  Mr.  Nathan  W.  Blanchard,  of  Santa  Paula,  one  of  the 
most  extensive  growers  of  citrus  fruits  in  California,  in  a  letter  dated 
June  11,  1900,  makes  the  following  statement: 

In  reference  to  Blue  Gum  wind-breaks,  I  prefer  them  to  any  other.  They  grow- 
rapidly  and  break  the  force  of  the  wind,  which  is  what  is  required.  A  solid  wind- 
break like  a  Monterey  Cypress,  the  wind  sometimes  falls  over  and  has  a  twist- 
ing effect  on  the  trees,  similar  to  wind  coming  from  a  high  mountain  range.  With 
my  experience  in  this  valley  I  would  plant  the  wind-breaks  about  450  feet  apart. 

The  Limoneira  orchards  are  laid  off  in  sections,  putting  the  Blue  (iuiiis  40  rods 
apart,  but  I  think  this  distance  is  too  great  and  it  is  too  far  to  run  the  water  econom- 
ically. My  wind-breaks  are  about  450  feet  apart,  and  are  so  effective  that  one  does 
not  feel  the  wind  at  all  among  the  orange  trees.  Neither  is  my  fruit  in  the  least 
impaired  by  the  wind,  however  strong  it  may  blow  down  or  up  the  valley.  My 
orchard  ditches  are  along  the  wind-breaks,  and  the  trees  therefore  get  all  the  water 
that  they  need  and  do  not  draw  upon  the  moisture  of  the  orchard  to  the  detriment 
of  the  fruit  trees.  Indeed,  I  have  some  orange  trees  alive  that  are  growing  right 
under  the  Blue  (iums,  bearing  some  good  fruit.  If  the  Blue  Gums  are  sufiiciently 
supplied  with  water  they  have  no  injurious  effect  upon  the  trees  other  than  the  shade, 
and  on  the  east  side  of  the  wind-breaks  my  trees  are  more  thrifty,  or  at  least  bear 
more  fruit,  than  the  average,  while  on  the  west  side  the  shade  is  somewhat  detri- 
mental to  the  amount  of  fruit  that  I  secure. 

Upon  the  above  subject  Mr.  Ellwood  Cooper,  of  Santa  Barbara,  in 
the  letter  previously  mentioned,  writes  as  follows: 

The  fruit  orchards  where  protected  have  larger  growth  and  cleaner  leaves  and 
stems.  Less  fruit  blows  off  during  high  winds.  I  know  of  an  orange  orchard  at 
Santa  Paula  where  Eucalyptus  trees  were  planted  on  the  east  and  west  sides — cjuite 
a  distance  between.  The  trees  on  either  side,  where  protected,  were  twii-e  as  large 
as  those  in  the  center;  in  fact  the  orchard  was  sloping  from  the  protected  sides  to  the 
center.  The  center  rows  were  taken  out  and  Eucal yi)tus  trees  i)lanted.  The  orchard 
now  shows  a  uniform  appearance. 

Mr.  Cooper  also  speaks  of  the  value  of  the  Eucalypts  as  a  wind- 
break for  grain  fields.     On  this  point  he  says: 
In  wheat  and  barley  farming  I  found  that  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  groves 
27719— No.  35—02 3 


34  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

of  Eucalypti  there  was  a  much  heavier  crop  and  taller  straw.  Near  the  ocean,  where 
the  trees  protected  the  grain  from  sharp  sea  wind,  there  was  certainly  more  than 
twice  as  much  grain  and  twice  as  nmch  straw.  The  unprotected  grain  had  over  one- 
third  to  one-half  the  heads  blasted— no  grains  in  the  injured  parts.  The  straw  had  a 
rusty  appearance.  From  facts  actually  established  I  have  made  the  statement  that 
three-fourths  of  an  area  will  produce  more  grain  or  fruit  with  the  other  fourth  in 
forest  trees  than  four-fourths  without  the  forest  trees;  hence  the  great  economy  in 
tree  planting. 

The  last  statement  would  not  apply  to  all  reo-ions,  but  of  those 
swept  by  heavy  winds  it  is  undoubtedly  true.  There  are  large  areas 
in  Ventura  County,  Cal..  that  would  not  })e  tillable  but  fortheEucalypts. 
Part  of  the  land  is  so  sandy  that  formerly  it  was  blown  about  by  the 
wind,  and  not  only  the  crops  growing  in  it,  but  those  of  adjoining  fields 
were  seriously  damaged.  The  planting  of  Eucalypt  wind-breaks  has 
so  moderated  the  wind  velocity  that  now  little  damage  is  ever  done 
by  it. 

Many  fruit  growers  in  southern  California  believe  that  wind-breaks 
of  Eucalypt  trees  protect  their  orange  and  lemon  orchards  from  frosts. 
The  question  was  a  subject  of  discussion  at  a  large  horticultural  meet- 
ing held  in  that  section  April  29,  1901.  In  the  Los  Angeles  Times's 
report  of  the  meeting  is  the  following: 

Four  hundred  people,  representing  ten  farmers'  clubs,  met  Monday  at  the  ranch 
of  George  Turner,  near  Cucamonga,  to  study  the  system  of  wind-breaks  established 
there  as  a  protection  against  frosts.  The  visitors  were  seated  among  the  Eucalyptus 
trees  which  they  had  come  to  study.  "Frosts  in  relation  to  wind-breaks"  was  the 
subject  of  a  paper  by  John  Hoffman,  of  Cucamonga.  In  stating  the  results  of  his 
investigations  he  said  "the  temperature  is  usually  higher  on  the  north  side  of  a  wind- 
break than  on  the  south  side,"  and  that,  since  his  orchard  had  grown  large,  "the 
ground  had  frozen  but  once,  and  that  was  at  a  distance  from  the  wind-break." 

AS  SHADE  TREES. 

While  many  of  the  Eucalypts  are  not  especially  desirable  shade  trees, 
the  fact  that  they  will  grow  well  in  many  situations  where  other  trees 
make  poor  growth,  or  will  .scarcely  grow  at  all,  gives  them  consider- 
able value  for  this  purpose.  They  are  especiall}^  suitable  for  country 
roads,  for  the  vicinity  of  barns  and  other  farm  buildings,  and  for  shade 
in  pastures.  As  road  shade  trees,  many. species  have  proved  ver}'  use- 
ful in  the  Southwest  and  have  been  much  used  for  this  purpose.  (PI. 
II,  A,  B.)  Mr.  Cooper,  in  the  letter  already  mentioned,  writes  upon 
this  point  as  follows: 

The  public  highway  through  my  ranch,  seven-eighths  of  a  mile  in  length,  has  a 
double  row  of  trees  on  either  side.  There  is  less  mud  in  winter  and  less  dust  in  sum- 
mer than  on  the  road  at  either  approach. 

The  writer  observed  the  latter  fact  while  there  during  August.  In 
regions  where  there  is  less  sunshine  and  more  rainfall  than  there  is  at 
Santa  Barbara  it  might  be  well  to  plant  the  trees  farther  apart  on  the 
sunnier  side  of  the  road  to  permit  the  road  to  dry  after  rains.     In  many 


USES    OF    EUCALYPTS.  35 

f^ases  the  trees  can  be  so  set  along  the  road  as  to  serve  both  as  a  wind- 
break against  the  most  disagreeable  winds  of  the  region  and  as  shade 
trees  during  summer.  (PI.  III.)  In  all  cases  the  fact  that  these  trees 
are  evergreen,  and  consequentl}'  shade-producing  both  winter  and  sum- 
mer, must  be  taken  into  consideration.  In  regions  where  heavy  win- 
ter rains  occur  it  would  not  be  wise  to  plant  Eucal3'pts  so  thickly  as  to 
keep  the  road  from  drying. 

In  many  parts  of  the  Southwest  the  Eucalypts  are  utilized  to  advan- 
tage to  furnish  shade  in  pastures.  If  set  along  the  fences  and  along 
irrigating  ditches  they  can  be  made  to  protect  the  animals  in  the  pas- 
ture without  at  any  time  interfering  with  farming  operations.  In  the 
place  of  the  Cottonwood  and  other  deciduous  trees,  some  P^ucalypts 
would  be  an  improvement,  both  in  appearance  and  in  usefulness. 
Even  during  the  winter,  when  deciduous  trees  are  leafless,  there  are 
many  da3's  when  animals  in  the  pasture  need  shelter  from  the  sun, 
and  many  more  when  protection  against  wind  and  rain  is  needed. 
The  Eucalypts  would  furnish  this  protection  to  animals.  In  addition 
they  would  be  a  source  of  better  fuel  and  timber  than  most  deciduous 
trees,  and  would  add  much  to  the  appearance  of  the  winter  landscape. 

AS  A  SOURCE  OF  TIMBER. 

For  Australia  and  the  neighboring  islands  the  Eucalypts  are  one  of 
the  important  sources  of  the  general  timber  supply,  and  are  the  chief 
source  of  the  hard-wood  timber  used  there.  The  uses  made  of  Euca- 
lyptus timber  are  remarkably  diverse.  It  enters  into  the  construction 
of  buildings,  ships,  bridges,  railroads,  piers,  telegraph  lines,  fences, 
paving,  vehicles,  agricultural  implements,  furniture,  barrels,  and  a 
great  variety  of  minor  articles.  In  his  Notes  on  the  Commercial 
Timbers  of  New  South  Wales  Mr.  Maiden  names  twenty-five  "special 
purposes"  for  which  the  timber  of  Eucalypts  is  used  in  that  colony. 
Six  species  are  named  as  valuable  for  bridge  timbers,  five  as  valual)le 
for  piles,  nine  for  paving,  eight  for  posts,  three  for  railroad  tics,  four 
for  railway  coaches,  five  for  lumber  and  .shingles,  seven  for  the  vari- 
ou.s  parts  of  vehicles,  two  for  barrels  and  casks,  and  two  for  broom 
and  tool  handles.  Eleven  "special  purposes"  are  assigned  to  the  tim- 
ber of  the  Spotted  Gum  {Eucalyptus  maculata)^  ten  to  the  timber  of 
the  Ironbark  {E.  slderoxijlon)^  eight  to  that  of  Red  Mahogany  {E.  res- 
m  If  era)  and  Tallow  Wood  {E.  m!croco)'y.s),  six  to  that  of  Gray  Gum 
{E.  pt'oj)/nqua),  five  to  that  of  Red  Gum  {E.  rostrata)^  and  a  lesser 
number  to  that  of  seven  other  species.  Not  only  in  Australia  is  the 
timber  of  Eucalypts  used  thus  extensivel}',  but  it  is  exported  in 
large  quantities,  the  bulk  of  the  hard-wood  lumber  shipped  being  from 
these  trees.  R.  Dalyrimplo-Hay.  in  his  work  entitled  The  Timber 
Trade  of  New  South  Wales,  names  thirteen  species  that  furnish  tim- 
ber for  export.     He  gives  the  annual  output  of  lumber  from  the  108 


36  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

luills  of  the  colony  as  59,500,000  superficial  feet,  a  large  part  of  which 
is  from  Eucah'pt  trees.  Shipments  are  made  to  distant  parts  of  the 
globe,  including"  Africa  and  even  England. 

The  timber  of  different  species  of  Eucal3^pts  differs  ver}-  much  in 
character.  While  that  of  all  species  is  hard  wood,  the  degree  of  hard- 
ness, the  strength,  durability,  flexibility,  color,  and  many  other  quali- 
ties are  quite  different.  Great  differences  exist  also  in  the  timber  of 
the  same  species  grown  in  different  soils  and  climates.  To  these  varia- 
tions is  due,  largely,  the  great  ^'ariety  of  uses  that  the  timber  of  these 
trees  serves. 

In  America  the  Eucah^pts  have  not  yet  been  grown  long  enough 
nor  extensively  enough  to  have  become  a  source  of  lumber.  The 
principal  uses  made  of  the  timber  thus  far  are  for  fuel,  piles,  posts, 
and  some  of  the  parts  of  farming  implements,  and  for  pins  for  insu- 
lators on  long-distance  transmission  cables.  The  species  used  most 
for  piles  in  southern  Australia  does  not  thrive  in  the  Southwest,  but  the 
Blue  Gum  has  been  found  to  be  a  vevj  durable  substitute.  (PL  IV,  a.) 
The  life  of  Redwood  {Sequoia  sempermrens)  and  of  Oregon  Pine  {Pseudo- 
Isuga  taxifolia)  piles  is  from  four  to  seven  years  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
Blue  Gum  piles  last  twice  as  long.  The  piers  at  Santa  Barbara  and  at 
neighboring  sea  towns  are  maintained  with  piles  of  this  Eucalypt. 
Mr.  Cooper  informs  the  writer  that  he  has  sold  from  his  groves  nearly 
$10,000  worth  of  piles  during  the  past  ten  years.  At  Oceanside  the 
superior  value  of  Eucalypt  piles  is  reported  to  have  been  demonstrated 
through  the  surreptitious  acts  of  a  contractor.  Lacking  a  few  piles 
of  the  timber  specified  in  the  contract  (Oregon  Pine),  he  is  said  to  have 
obtained  some  Blue  Gum  timbers  from  the  vicinity  and  to  have  ordered 
the  night  crew  to  place  them  on  the  inside,  where  their  presence  would 
not  be  detected.  When  it  became  necessary  to  repair  the  pier  a  few 
years  ago  some  sound  piles  were  found  among  others  nearly  destroyed, 
and  upon  examination  the}^  proved  to  be  the  Blue  Gum  trees.  The 
demand  for  these  piles  is  now  greater  than  the  existing  groves  of 
Eucalypts  can  supply.  It  seems  probable  that  piles  may  become  one 
of  the  important  crops  grown  l)y  farmers  of  the  Southwest.  As  the 
trees  now  planted  become  larger,  and  as  planting  becomes  more  exten- 
sive, the  Eucalypts  will  undoubtedly  become  sources  of  much  timber 
for  a  great  variety  of  purposes.     (PI.  IV,  b.) 

AS  A  SOURCE  OF  FUEL. 

In  Australia  the  Eucalypts  are  an  important  source  of  fuel.  There 
the  inhabitants  find  the  tree,  ready  grown  for  use,  and  it  matters  little 
to  them  how  long  they  have  taken  to  reach  their  present  size.  Hence 
many  species  are  used  for  this  purpose.  In  America  and  other  coun- 
tries where  the  Eucalypts  are  grown  as  exotics  the  case  is  quite  different. 
Only  a  quick-growing  species  will  yield  an  earl}"  suppl}'  of  fuel,  and 


ireau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XXI. 


EUCAL/PTUS  GLOBULUS,  SaNTA  BARBARA,  C/ 

r;ui.t,Mii,s;  in  liiamcliT  from  3  to  over  5  fct-'t.     Thoy  \ 
southern  California. 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XXII, 


Eucalyptus  globulus  on  Ranch  of  Ellwood  Cooper.  Santa  Barbara,  Cal. 

\c-ars  did.     Tlic  lari:c'>t  Kucalx  i)t  lias  altaiiuMi  in  twi-iily-lour  yi'iirs  tin.-  diaiiR'tcT  thai  llic  nak-  liavu 
'  iimvtT  tu"  liiiii(lrr<i  yoa'rs. 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U,  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultur 


Plate  XXIII. 


Eucalyptus  GLOBULUS.    Timber  Cut  from  Trees  in  the  Background  Being  used  to  Build  Fence. 


35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S,  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XXIV. 


Eucalyptus  gomphocephala.    Grove  24  Years  Old  on  the  Cooper  RANce 


USES    OF    EUCALYPTS.  37 

hence  the  Blue  Gum  among  the  Eucah'pt.s  has  been  most  used  for  thi.s 
purpose.     (PI.  V,  a.) 

The  Manna  Gum  {Eiicalyptus  vii/tinalis),  the  species  approaching 
the  Bkie  Gum  most  closely  in  rapidity  of  growth,  has  also  been  cut 
considerably  for  fuel.  Other  species  making  a  slower  growth  produce 
a  harder  wood  and  better  fuel.  For  some  years  Mr.  Cooper  has  been 
cutting  stove  wood  for  the  Santa  Barbara  market  from  his  Red  Gum 
{E.  rostrata)  and  Red  Ironbark  {E.  sideroxylon)  groves,  and  linds  the 
fuel  from  them  superior  to  that  from  the  Blue  Gum.  (PI.  V,  b.) 
When  other  species  become  more  generall}^  known,  or  when  plantings 
now  made  have  reached  a  sufficient  age,  undoubtedly  several  species 
will  be  found  better  adapted  for  fuel  than  the  now  much-used  Blue 
Gum.  But  at  present  that  is  the  fuel  tree  of  much  of  the  State  of 
California.     (PI.  VI,  a.) 

When  set  for  fuel  the  young  trees  are  conunonly  planted  either 
8  by  8  or  6  by  10  feet  apart.  Rows  10  feet  apart  with  trees  6  feet  apart 
in  the  rows  give  a  few  more  trees  to  the  acre,  and  leave  more  space 
between  the  rows  for  driving  with  a  wagon.  Formerly  some  growers 
planted  closer — either  4  b}^  1  or  4  b}"  8  feet — and  cut  out  the  trees  as 
the}^  increased  in  size,  until  they  were  left  the  distance  apart  they 
desired  them  to  be  permanentl3\  But  so  much  difficulty  was  experi- 
enced in  preventing  the  growth  of  the  trees  desired  to  be  eliminated 
that  the  practice  has  l)een  almost  entireh"  abandoned.  The  young- 
trees  are  commonl}^  cultivated  for  about  two  years  after  being  set  out. 

In  California  some  of  the  l)est  agricultural  land  is  used  for  growing 
Blue  Gum  wood  for  market,  usually  in  groves  of  from  10  to  40  acres. 
Not  onh^  are  these  groves  profitable,  but  they  add  much  to  a  landscape 
which  without  them  was  c^uite  monotonous.  Land  unsuitable  for  til- 
lage— hillsides,  ravines,  and  rock}'  plains — is  also  nuich  utilized.  In 
such  cases  the  return  from  the  fuel  produced  is  j)ractically  a  <1cmi 
gain.  In  July,  1900,  the  writer's  attention  was  attracted  to  a  grove 
of  Eucalypts  near  Pasadena,  Cal.  Sul^sequently,  in  response  to  an 
inquiry  as  to  the  age  of  the  grove,  Mr.  11.  F.  Shorting  wn-ote  as 
follows: 

The  Eucalyptus  globulus  grove  is  12  years  old,  and  is  in  the  worst  sort  of  soil,  for 
grapes,  oranges,  lemons,  and  barley  have  all  failed.  It  is  an  old  river  bed.  It  was 
cut  one  year  ago,  and  they  are  far  better  looking  trees  now  than  they  were  before 
being  cut.     (PI.  VII,  a.) 

There  is  undoubtedly  much  land  in  the  Southwest  now  considered 
too  poor  for  growing  any  crop  that  might  profitably  be  set  to  fuel- 
producing  groves  of  Eucalypts. 

When  5  to  7  years  old,  groves  of  Blue  Gum  or  Manna  Gum  may  be 
cut  to  the  ground  for  fuel,  and  they  may  be  cut  every  six  or  eight 
years  thereafter.  The  yield  from  each  cutting  is  commonly  50  to  75 
cords  of  4-foot  wood   per  acre.     One    17-acre    grove    between  Los 


88  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Angeles  and  Compton,  set  in  1880  and  cut  for  the  third  time  in  June, 
1900,  produced  1,360  cords,  an  average  of  80  cords  of  4-foot  wood  per 
acre.  (PI.  VI,  b.)  The  price  received  b}^  the  owner  for  the  crop  was 
§2.50  per  cord  on  the  stump.  It  will  be  seen  that  this  return  fulh^ 
justified  the  using  of  the  heaviest  of  agricultural  land  for  the  growth 
of  fuel.  On  poorer  land  the  yield  is  only  a  third  to  a  half  the  above 
amount.  The  size  attained  in  good  soil  a  short  time  after  being  cut  is 
often  remarkable.  (PI.  VII.)  In  a  grove  near  Pasadena,  set  in  1885 
and  cut  for  fuel  in  1893,  there  were  in  July,  1900,  some  trees  2  feet  in 
diameter  and  many  over  100  feet  in  height. 

Mr.  Cooper  estimates  that  at  the  rate  his  trees  are  growing  he  can 
cut  from  his  200  acres  of  miscellaneous  species,  set  largely  in  soil  too 
rough  for  tillage,  1,000  cords  of  wood  per  year  indefinitely  without  in 
any  way  detracting  from  the  appearance  of  the  groves  or  from  their 
usefulness  in  other  wa3^s.  Judged  by  the  known  rate  of  growth  of 
smaller  groves,  the  above  estimate  is  not  high.  The  Eucalypt  is  evi- 
dently destined  to  be  the  future  fuel  tree  of  the  Southwest.  Even 
when  settlement  in  this  region  began  the  hard-wood  trees  were  limited 
in  number,  and  these  are  rapidly  disappearing  under  the  woodman's 
ax.  In  much  of  the  Southwest  the  oak  has  been  a  source  of  hard- wood 
fuel,  but  in  many  places  the  supply  is  about  exhausted,  and  in  none 
can  it  last  indefinitely.  Over  a  good  deal  of  the  region  the  Mesquite 
{Prosoj)is  julijiora)  has  been  the  chief  source  of  fuel,  but  even  these 
trees  are  rapidly  disappearing  in  the  vicinity  of  the  settlements.  All 
available  timber  will  soon  be  cut,  and  there  is  no  known  species  except 
the  Eucalyptus  that  can  take  its  place  and  at  the  same  time  suppl}^  the 
increasing  demand  for  hard-wood  fuel.  The  extensive  planting  of 
Eucalypts  in  such  localities  would  be  a  wise  provision  for  the  future. 

Not  only  the  wood  of  the  Eucalypts  is  used  for  fuel,  but  in  Calf ornia 
the  leaves  are  utilized  for  this  purpose.  A  Los  Angeles  compan}"  is 
making  for  market  bricks  composed  of  Blue  Gum  leaves  and  twigs 
mixed  with  crude  oil,  and  the  product  is  reported  to  be  an  excellent 
fuel  for  domestic  use.  The  entire  tree  is  thus  utilized.  This  new  use 
of  P^ucalypt  leaves  suggests  the  possibility  of  many  industries  growing 
out  of  the  extensive  planting  of  the  trees  in  the  Southwest. 

AS  A  SOURCE  OF  OIL.. 

While  the  stem  and  branches  of  the  Eucalypts  furnish  timber  and 
fuel,  the  leaves  and  twigs  are  the  source  of  a  very  important  oil.  In 
Australia  many  species  yield  sufficient  quantities  to  enable  them  to  be 
utilized  for  oil  production,  but  most  of  the  oil  produced  there  is 
obtained  from  three  or  four  species.  For  many  years  the  production 
of  eucalyptus  oil  has  been  an  important  industry  in  that  country. 
One  of  the  first  investigators  and  producers  of  this  oil  was  J.  Bosisto, 


USES    OF    EUCALYPTS.  39 

of  Melbourne.  Bai'on  von  Mueller  states  in  the  Eucalyptographia 
that  in  1880  Bosisto  was  producing  6  tons  of  oil  per  year.  Since  then 
the  demand  for  the  oil  has  increased  very  much,  and  a  nuich  larger 
quantity  is  produced  in  Australia  annually.  During  the  past  ten 
years  considerable  eucalyptus  oil  has  been  produced  from  the  Blue 
Gum  plantations  in  Algeria,  it  having  been  found  advantageous  to 
obtain  the  oil  from  solid  plantations  of  one  species  rather  than  from 
native  forests  where  the  species  grow  mixed.  In  California  consider- 
able oil  has  been  extracted  from  the  Blue  Gum  during  the  past  five 
years.  The  principal  producer  is  a  physician  in  Los  Angeles,  who  is 
attempting  to  establish  a  reputation  for  putting  up  a  pure  high-grade 
product.  During  the  winter  of  1900-1901  he  extracted  9  tons  of  oil. 
He  does  not  distill  out  any  eucalyptol,  as  he  considers  the  oil  in  the 
form  he  puts  it  out  superior  for  most  purposes.  The  residue  from 
the  distillation  of  the  refined  oil  from  the  crude  product  is  put  up  for 
a  salve.  From  the  oil  he  manufactures  a  soap  and  cough  drops. 
Hon.  Ellwood  Cooper  has  a  young  Blue  Gum  plantation  on  his  ranch 
near  Santa  Barbara,  from  which  he  intends  to  manufacture  both  euca- 
lyptus oil  and  eucalyptol.  He  will  cut  the  trunk  and  limbs  into  fuel, 
extract  oil  from  the  twigs  and  leaves,  and  thus  utilize  the  entire  tree. 

The  different  species  vary  greatly  as  to  the  amount  of  oil  the}"  will 
yield,  the  range  being  from  none  to  500  ounces  from  1,000  pounds  of 
fresh  lea^•es  and  twigs.  According  to  J.  Bosisto  and  other  Australian 
authorities  and  S.  M.  Woodbridge,  of  Los  Angeles,  the  Peppermint 
Tree  {Eucalyptus  amygdalina)  yields  the  largest  amount.  But  in 
America  this  tree  is  not  grown  extensive^  enough  for  it  to  be  a  source 
of  much  oil.  For  some  years  yet,  and  perhaps  always,  the  chief 
source  of  eucalyptus  oil  here  will  be  the  Blue  Gum.  The  yield  of 
crude  oil  from  the  leaves  and  twigs  of  this  species  ranges  from  1  to 
l.()  per  cent.  Dr.  Herron  extracted,  during  the  past  season,  9  tons  of 
oil  from  TOO  tons  of  leaves  and  twigs  from  this  species — a  yield  of 
1.28  per  cent.  H.  B.  Silkwood,  proprietor  of  the  California  Eucah'p- 
tus  Works,  Garden  Grove,  Cal.,  reports  that  he  produced  1  ton  of  oil 
from  100  tons  of  material  during  the  past  3'^ear,  the  output  being 
limited  by  the  available  supply  of  Blue  Gum  leaves.  The  Red  Gum 
yields  much  less  oil  than  the  Blue  Gum — only  10  to  30  per  cent  as  much. 

The  oils  from  the  different  species  of  Eucalypts  differ  greatly.  As 
extracted  they  are  all  compounds  or  mixtures.  The  chief  ingredient 
of  the  oil  from  the  Blue  (jum  is  a  colorless,  transparent,  camphora- 
ceous  liipiid  called  eucalyptol  "or  cineol;  of  the  Peppermint  Tree 
{Eucaly2)tu.'<  ainygddliria),  a  less  known  liquid  called  phellandrene;  of 
the  Lemon-scented  Eucalypt  {E.  cltriodora)^  a  fragrant,  highly  vola- 
tile liquid  called  citronellon,  mixed  with  another  fragrant  licpiid  called 
geraniol.  Several  other  ingredients  enter  into  the  composition  of 
the  oils  from  the  various  species.     The  best  known  of  all  the  ingre- 


40  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

clients  is  euealyptol,  which  constitutes  about  60  per  cent  of  the  oil 
from  the  Blue  Gum. 

The  medicinal  properties  of  the  various  component  parts  of  eucalyp- 
tus oil  differ  widely.  Hence  the  oils  from  different  species  have  very 
different  medicinal  values.  Unless  euealyptol,  the  chief  ingredient  of 
Blue  Gum  oil,  has  the  same  effect  upon  the  human  system  as  phelland- 
rene,  the  prominent  ingredient  of  the  Peppermint  Tree  oil,  the  oils 
from  these  two  trees  must  necessarily  have  different  medicinal  proper- 
ties, and  the  oil  from  a  forest  of  mixed  species  must  have  very  uncertain 
medicinal  properties.  The  Eucalyptus  oil  produced  in  America,  where 
the  groves  from  which  leaves  are  obtained  for  oil  are  commonly  of  one 
species,  and  where,  with  rare  exceptions,  a  single  species  (Blue  Gum) 
is  the  source  of  all  the  oil  extracted,  will  necessarily  be  a  product 
whose  properties  are  better  known  and  more  constant  than  that  pro- 
duced from  mixed  native  forests.  Hence  the  importation  of  euealyp- 
tol or  Eucalyptus  oil  from  Australia  or  elsewhere  is  both  unnecessary 
and  a  disadvantage  to  the  consumer.  As  Hon.  Abbot  Kinney  remarks 
in  his  "Eucalyptus": 

The  increased  use  of  the  eucalyptus  oils  derived  from  the  solid  plantations  of 
E.  globulus  in  California  and  Algiers  is  thus  seen  to  rest  upon  reasonable  gi-ounds  and 
must  give  increased  reliability  to  medicinal  preparations  from  the  Eucalyptus. 

Eucalyptus  oil  is  so  useful,  and  popular  information  concerning  it  is 
so  meager,  that  a  few  words  concerning  it  will  not  be  out  of  place  here. 
This  oil  has  been  used  for  about  forty  years,  but  only  during  the  past 
ten  3' ears  has  it  been  employed  in  medicine  very  extensively.  Its  use 
is  now  constantl}^  increasing,  as  its  properties  and  medicinal  value 
become  better  known.  All  druggists  questioned  on  the  subject  stated 
that  the  demand  for  Eucalyptus  oil  was  rapidW  increasing.  Two 
wholesale  druggists  of  Los  Angeles  both  stated  in  letters  to  the  writer, 
written  in  response  to  inquiries  on  this  point,  that  theii'  sales  of  the 
oil  had  increased  very  nuich  during  the  past  few  years. 

The  fact  that  it  is  nonpoisonous  and  nonirritant  makes  it  especially 
safe  and  valuable.  As  much  as  a  fourth  of  an  ounce  has  been  taken 
internally  without  injury,  and  it  may  be  freely  applied  to  the  most 
delicate  tissue.  Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  it  is  neither  danger- 
ously poisonous  nor  irritating  to  the  human  system,  it  is  a  very  effective 
antiseptic  and  disinfectant,  and  has  come  to  be  used  quite  extensively 
for  dressing  wounds,  ulcers,  and  other  diseased  tissues.  It  enters  into 
the  composition  of  several  antiseptic  preparations.  The  oil  is  also  a 
well-known  remedy  for  malarial  and  other  fevers,  and  is  used  in  treat- 
ing diseases  of  the  skin,  and  of  the  stomach,  kidneys,  and  bladder,  and 
is  especially  valuable  for  affections  of  the  throat,  bronchi,  and  lungs. 

In  using  Eucalyptus  oil  it  is  important  that  a  pure  article  be  pro- 
cured. Unfortunately  there  is  considerable  adulteration  of  this  oil 
with  cheaper,  inert,  or  harmful  ones.     No  doubt  this  remedy  would 


3ul    35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultun 


Plate  XXV. 


A.     Eucalyptus  goniocalyx.      Trees  24  Years  Old 


B.     Eucalyptus  tereticornis.     Trees  22  Years  Old. 

EucALYPTS  ON  Ranch  of  Ellwood  Cooper,  Santa  Barbara.  Cal. 


Bui.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XXVI. 


Eucalyptus  hemiphloia.    Tree  4  Years  Old.  Experiment  Station  Farm,  Phoenix,  Ariz. 


Bui    35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S   Depi,  of  A^ricuHure 


Plate  XXVII 


Eucalyptus  hemiphluia.     Trll^  24  Ylak^  Old,  Cuuf  er  Ranch.  Santa  Bahbana,  C'-l. 


USES    OF    EUCALYPTS.  41 

be  a  more  popular  one  but  for  the  fact  that  so  much  of  the  oil  for  sale 
on  the  market  is  of  such  an  uncertain  nature.  The  safest  way  is  to 
purchase  none  in  bulk,  but  buy  it  in  bottles  put  up  by  a  reliable  per- 
son or  firm.  It  costs  more  in  this  form,  but  is  far  safer  to  use  as  a 
remedy. 

The  leaves  of  the  Blue  Gum  and  of  a  few  other  species,  on  account 
of  the  oil  the}^  contain,  are  employed  as  household  remedies  in  local- 
ities where  the  trees  grow.  Among-  the  natives  of  Australia  they  are 
said  to  be  in  common  use  for  dressing  wounds  and  for  other  pur])oses. 
In  California,  teas  and  poultices  are  made  from  the  Blue  Gum  leaves 
for  treating  colds,  wounds,  and  ulcers.  The  leaves  are  also  steamed 
for  the  treatment  of  colds,  catarrh,  croup,  bronchitis,  and  other  affec- 
tions of  the  respiratory  system.  Some  go  so  far  as  to  use  regularly 
tea  made  from  the  leaves  of  Blue  Gum,  and,  as  they  assert,  with  bene- 
ficial results. 

AS  A  SOURCE  OF  HONEY. 

The  Eucalypts  generally  bloom  so  f reelv  and  so  early  in  their  devel- 
opment that  as  a  group  they  are  an  important  source  of  nectar  for  bees. 
The  fact  that  some  species  can  be  found  in  bloom  any  day  of  the  year, 
often  during  droughts  when  other  blossoms  are  scarce,  in  many  cases 
in  great  profusion,  makes  them  especially  valuable  as  a  constant  source 
of  bee  food.  Mr.  Kinney,  who  has  made  extended  observations  on 
the  blooming  of  the  Eucah^pts.  writes  in  his  "Eucalyptus:" 

Taking  the  sixty  species  and  marked  varieties  of  this  genus  in  southern  Cahfornia, 
I  have  never  seen  a  day  that  flowers  could  not  be  found  on  some  of  them.  *  *  * 
When  we  consider  the  free  production  of  nectar  by  the  Eucalyptus  at  seasons  when 
there  is  little  or  no  other  resource  for  bees,  and  also  the  claimed  medicinal  value  of 
honey  from  Eucalyptus  flowers  for  relieving  irritation  from  the  mucous  membrane, 
and  as  a  nerve  sedative,  the  presumption  is  strongly  in  its  favor.  Bee  men  will 
doubtless  tind  it  to  their  interest  to  study  the  species,  and  plant  iu  waste  jjlaces  such 
sorts  as  will  furnish  the  best  kinds  of  nectar  during  the  most  difficult  season  for  the 
l)ees.  *  *  *  I. believe  that  by  some  study  of  this  subject  species  of  Eucalyptus 
with  plenty  of  nectar  could  be  so  selected  as  to  give  a  constant  crop  of  flowers  or 
flowers  at  such  times  as  these  are  absent  in  other  plants. 

Naudin,  in  his  "Description  and  Use  of  Eucalyptus,"  s'dja  of  their 
value  as  a  source  of  honey: 

Another  use  of  the  Eucalyptus  *  *  *  is  supplying  the  bees  with  abundant  pro- 
visions for  food  by  their  flowers,  from  which  they  withdraw  a  perfumed  honey, 
endowed  perhaps  with  peculiar  hygienic  properties. 

Whether  or  not  the  Eucalypts  give  a  peculiar  medicinal  qualit}'  to 
the  hone}'  ma}'  be  a  question,  but  it  is  certain  that  the}'  are  a  valuable 
pasture  for  the  bees. 

Since  Mr.  Kinney  wrote  the  above,  beekeepers  have  become  more 
interested  in  the  Eucalypts  as  a  source  of  nectar.  William  Shutt, 
foreman  of  the  Santa  Monica  Forestry  Station,  informs  the  writer  that 


42  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

he  receives  many  inquiries  concerning  the  merits  of  certain  species  for 
bee  pasture.  In  a  subsequent  portion  of  this  publication  will  be  found 
a  list  of  the  species  useful  for  this  purpose.  Iri  planting  trees  for 
forest  cover,  wind-breaks,  shade,  timber,  or  fuel  it  would  be  well, 
wherever  the  bee  industrj^  is  important,  to  select  varieties  recognized 
as  flower  producers.  Several  species  valuable  for  the  purposes  men- 
tioned a))ove — notabh^  the  Sugar  Gum  {Eucalyptus  corynocalyx),  the 
Red  Gum  {E.  rodratci)^  the  Red  Iron  bark  {E.  sidet'oxyloii)^  E.  hemi- 
phloia,  and  E.  polyanthema — are  profuse  bloomers  and  are  thronged 
with  bees  during  the  blooming  season,  which  with  some  species  is 
quite  protracted. 

AS   IMPROVERS   OF   CLIMATE. 

The  Eucalypts  have  the  reputation  of  benefiting  the  climate  of  those 
regions  where  they  have  been  planted.  Evidence  upon  this  subject 
is  so  conflicting,  however,  that  the  truth  is  ascertained  with  ditficulty. 
Whatever  the  fact  may  be,  the  belief  is  quite  general,  especially  in 
southern  Europe,  that  the  eflect  of  Eucalypts  upon  the  climate  is 
distinctly  sanatory. 

The  plantation  of  Eucalypts  at  Tres  Eontane,  in  the  Roman  Cam- 
pagna,  is  the  instance  most  generally  cited  by  those  who  contend  for 
the  beneficial  influence  of  these  trees  on  the  climate.  In  fact,  the  general 
planting  of  Eucalypts  throughout  southern  Europe  seems  to  have  been 
given  a  decided  impetus  by  reports  of  the  results  at  Tres  Eontane.  On 
this  point  Charles  Belmont  Davis,  American  consul  at  Elorence  in 
189-1,  writes  in  Consular  Reports  No.  168  as  follows: 

It  is  this  latter  quality  [the  property  of  distributing  a  balsamic  atmosphere]  which 
has  brought  the  Eucalyptus  into  such  prominence  in  Italy,  and  has  been  the  cause 
not  only  of  the  planting  of  thousands  of  trees  by  private  individuals  and  public  cor- 
porations, but  of  its  receiving  the  indorsement  of  the  Italian  Government  as  well. 

He  adds: 

Whether  the  plant  does  absolutely  contain  such  a  healthful  quality  as  many 
attribute  to  it  has  always  been  and  still  is  a  question  in  the  minds  of  many  who 
have  given  the  subject  intelligent  thought  and  systematic  experiment.  That  the 
planting  of  these  trees  has  met  in  some  districts  with  a  degree  of  success  in  allaying 
the  ravages  of  malaria  there  would  seem  to  be  little  doubt. 

In  the  consular  report  mentioned  above  Wilbur  B.  Hall,  American 
consul  at  Nice,  writes: 

The  Eucalyptus  seems  destined  to  revolutionize  silviculture  in  the  countries  men- 
tioned [France,  Algeria,  Italy,  Spain,  Corsica,  Portugal,  and  Cape  Colony],  not  only  on 
account  of  the  many  remarkable  properties  of  the  tree,  its  resin,  its  wood,  and  its 
rapid  growth,  but  also  its  great  power  of  absorbing  enormous  quantities  of  water 
from  wet  and  swampy  lands,  drying  them  and  rendering  them  tit  for  cultivation,  aa 
well  as  its  tendency  to  thus  eliminate  malarial  conditions  from  the  lands  whence  it 
grows. 

M.  Carlotti,  who  has  studied  Eucah^pts  exhaustive!}^  on  the  island  of 


USES    OF    EUCALYPTS.  43 

Corsica,  in  his  "Rendering  warm,  unhealtli}'  regions  healthy  by  means 
of  the  Eucalyptus,"  cites  a  large  number  of  instances  of  improved 
climate  attributed  to  the  planting  of  Eucal,vpts. 

M.  Lambert  makes  similar  statements  as  to  the  effect  of  planting 
these  trees  in  Algeria.  M.  Gimbert  also  cites  examples  of  the  improve- 
ment of  climate  in  Algeria,  as  well  as  in  Cape  Colony  and  other  parts 
of  Africa,  due  to  the  planting  of  Eucalypts.  It  is  asserted  bv  many 
Calif ornians  that  the  planting  of  Eucalypts  has  diminished  the  amount 
of  malaria  in  central  California.  Others  in  \'arious  parts  of  the  world 
have  made  similar  claims. 

On  the  other  hand,  some  who  have  investigated  the  subject  maintain 
that  the  fact  of  the  improvement  of  climate  bj^  Eucalypts  is  not  estab- 
lished. Perhaps  the  ablest  of  those  who  have  combated  the  popular 
belief  in  the  sanatory  effect  of  Eucalypts  is  Prof.  Tomaso  Crudeli,  who 
has  investigated  the  subject  carefully  in  Italy.  He  insists  that  up 
to  the  date  of  his  writing  (1886),  "not  a  single  instance  of  hygienic 
improvement  by  the  sole  means  of  Eucalypti  has  been  ascertained,  but 
the  possibility  of  so  doing  is  not  denied." 

Wallace  S.  Jones,  American  consul  at  Rome  in  1894,  writes  as  fol- 
lows in  Consular  Report  No.  168: 

In  Italy,  although  the  newspapers  had  persuaded  everyone  that  the  farm  of  the 
Tres  Fontane,  near  Rome,  had  become  healthful  by  means  of  the  Eucalypti,  it  proved 
a  disagreeable  surprise  to  learn  of  a  sudden  outbreak  of  malaria  in  1882  that  caused 
much  sickness  among  the  farm  hands,  while  the  rest  of  the  Campagna  remained  per- 
fectly healthy.  *  *  *  Dr.  Montechiare,  a  practicing  physician  of  Rome,  who  for 
years  was  physician  to  the  penal  colony  at  Tres  Fontane,  tells  me  that  his  experience 
justifies  him  in  declaring  that  no  beneficial  result  against  malaria  has  been  derived 
from  the  planting  of  the  Eucalyptus. 

Those  who  fail  to  recognize  the  beneficial  effects  of  the  planting  of 
Eucalypts  also  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  malaria  prevails  in  manv 
parts  of  Australia  where  these  trees  are  abundant.  It  seems  to  be 
admitted,  how^ever,  that  malaria  is  absent,  or  at  least  not  prevalent,  in 
those  parts  of  Australia  where  the  Blue  Gum,  the  species  that  is 
believed  to  have  produced  the  beneficial  result  about  the  Mediterranean, 
is  native  or  thrives.  V'hether  this  coincidence,  if  such  it  be.  is  due  to 
the  natural  climate  or  to  the  effects  of  these  trees  would  be  somewhat 
difficult  to  decide. 

It  is  probable  that  considerable  of  the  change  in  the  sanitar}^  condi- 
tion of  those  places  said  to  have  been  benefited  by  Eucalypts  has  been 
due  to  other  causes,  such  as  the  making  of  drainage  ditches,  etc.,  and 
this  will  partially  account  for  the  condicting  opinions  on  the  subject. 
When,  however,  the  nature  and  habit  of  the  trees  are  considered,  it 
is  entirely  reasonable  to  believe  that  to  a  certain  extent  they  bene- 
ficially affect  the  atmosphere  in  the  region  of  their  growth.  The 
grounds  for  this  belief  are:  First,  their  great  capacit}?^  for  absorbing 
moisture  from  the  soil,  and  thus  reducing  the  quantity  of  stagnant 


44  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UJS^ITED    STATES. 

water  in  the  ground  at  their  roots;  second,  their  corresponding  power 
of  giving  off  fresh  from  their  foliage  the  water  thus  taken  up  V)v  their 
roots;  third,  the  exhalation  from  their  leaves  and  other  parts  of  vola- 
tile oils,  which  affect  the  climate  not  onh'  directly  but  by  changing 
the  ox3"gen  of  the  atmosphere  to  ozone;  fourth,  the  purification  of 
germ-infested  matter  by  the  foliage  dropped  upon  the  ground  or  in 
pools  of  standing  water.  From  the  combined  action  of  these  four 
characteristics  is  seems  reasonable  to  believe  that  the  trees  would  be 
beneficial  to  man}"  climates. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  determine,  however,  before  setting  EucaU'pts, 
whether  they  have  a  pronounced  beneficial  effect  upon  climate  or  not. 
They  certainly  do  not  injure  a  climate.  They  serve  so  man}'  other 
useful  purposes  that  the  question  as  to  their  effect  upon  climate  may 
be  waived,  and  the  planting  of  them  still  go  on  from  other  motives. 
The  belief  that  they  improve  climate  has  served  a  useful  purpose 
regardless  of  the  facts  in  the  matter.  The  planting  of  trees  is  such  a 
desirable  thing  that  it  matters  little  what  the  motive  for  planting  them 
be,  provided  they  get  planted.  Eucalypts  may  confidently  be  grown 
for  a  forest  cover,  for  wind-breaks,  for  shade,  for  timber,  for  fuel, 
for  the  oil  and  the  honey  they  furnish,  and  if,  at  the  same  time,  thej" 
improve  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  region  in  which  they  are  grow- 
ing, the  reward  of  the  planter  will  be  so  much  the  greater. 

PROPAGATION  AND  CARE  OF  EUCALYPTS. 
DIFFICULTIES  IN  GROWING  SEEDLINGS. 

Eucalypts  are  less  easily  propagated  in  America  than  most  other  forest 
trees.  This  is  due  in  part  to  the  smallness  of  their  seeds  and  the  infer- 
tility of  many  of  them,  and  in  part  to  the  fact  that  each  species 
requires,  or  at  least  prefers,  cei'tain  peculiar  climatic  conditions.  Few 
grow  spontaneousl}"  in  the  Southwest  yet,  and  none  do  so  freely.  The 
Red  Gum  and  the  Blue  Gum  are  occasionally  found  growing  spontane- 
ously from  fallen  seed,  and  at  Mr.  Cooper's  ranch  near  Santa  Barbara 
Red  Gum  seedlings  were  seen  by  the  writer  in  abundance  under  trees 
in  shaded  canyons,  and  in  washes  below  the  trees.  (PI.  VIII.)  Mr. 
Cooper  also  pointed  out  trees  about  a  foot  in  diameter  that  had  grown 
from  volunteer  seedlings.  Southwesit  of  Los  Angeles,  near  the  ocean, 
where  the  temperature  is  even  and  the  atmosphere  more  humid  than 
farther  inland,  young  seedlings  often  appear  in  the  groves  of  Blue 
Gums,  and  this  occurs  in  similar  situations  in  central  California,  being- 
very  noticeable  on  the  universit}'  campus  at  Berkeley.  On  the  Min- 
newawa  ranch,  near  Fresno,  seedlings  of  Euailyptus  rudis  apj^ear  under 
the  trees  in  abundance  each  spring,  and  are  used  by  the  owner  i'or 
planting.     (PI.  VIII,  b.) 

In  some  regions  species  which  grow  fairly  thriftily  when  once  started 


Pul.  i5,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U,  S.  Dept   of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XXVIII. 


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EUUALYPlUb    LbUUUXYLUN,    b  I  A  I  fc.     FuHb.-:.IHT     bFATluN,    bAMA    BAHbAHA,     CaL. 


Bui,  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept,  of  AgncultL 


Plate  XXIX. 


Eucalyptus  leucoxylon.     Tree  10  Years  Old,  Capitol  Grounds,  Phoenix,  Ariz. 


35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  /^gricultur. 


Plate  XXX. 


Eucalyptus  longifolia.  Pasadena,  Cal. 


Jul.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XXXI. 


EuCALYPTUb    MELLIODORA.    STATE    FORESTRV    STATION,    SaNTA    MONICA.    CaL. 


PROPAGATION  AND  CAEE  OF  EUCALYPTS.  45 

are  propagated  from  the  seed  with  great  difficultly.  For  example,  the 
Red  Gum  {Eucalyptus  rostrata),  which  grows  quite  well  in  southern 
Arizona  from  seedlings  obtained  from  California,  is  propagated  at 
Phoenix  from  seed  with  considerable  difficult}-.  The  case  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  orange  tree,  which,  though  thriving  in  the  vicinity  of 
Phoenix  can  not  be  easily  grown  there  from  seed.  As  a  rule,  however, 
Eucalypts  that  are  well  adapted  to  a  region  and  thrive  in  it  seem  to 
be  fairly  easy  to  propagate  there.  The  ease  with  which  seedlings 
can  be  grown  in  any  region  ma}^  often,  therefore,  Ije  taken  as  an 
indication  of  how  well  the  adult  trees  will  grow  there. 

Eucalypts  are  not  commonly  propagated  in  open  soil,  but  in  seed 
boxes,  and  ordinarily  they  need  some  protection  from  cold  and  from 
the  sun  during  their  early  stages.  Most  species  make  a  slow  growth 
at  first  and  are  quite  delicate,  but  when  once  fairly  established  they 
grow  very  ra])idly. 

PLANTING  THE  SEED. 

The  usual  method  of  starting  Eucalypts  is  to  sow  the  seed  in  shallow 
boxes  in  especially  prepared  soil.  A  mixture  of  coarse  sand  and  h^af- 
mold  (two  parts  of  mold  to  one  of  sand)  is  the  best.  This  is  placed  in 
boxes  a  few-  inches  deep;  the  seed  is  strewn  quite  thickly  over  the  sur- 
face; a  light  covering  of  sand  is  placed  on  top,  and  this  surface  is  then 
kept  constantly  moist.  The  young  plants  commonly  appear  in  one  or 
two  weeks.  After  germination  has  taken  i)lace  the  soil  should  be  kept 
moist  but  not  wet.  If  kept  too  damp  the  young  i)lants  will  be  attacked 
by  parasitic  fungi  and  perish  I'apidly — •"damp  oflV'  as  gardeners  term 
it.  Applying  the  Avater  about  the  middle  of  the  forenoon,  so  that  the 
soil  and  plants  have  time  to  become  partially  dry  before  night,  is  a 
precaution  helpful  in  preventing  damping  off.  In  the  experience  of 
the  writer  there  is  nothing  better  for  freshly  sown  seed,  or  for  young 
plants,  than  a  watering  h\  a  rainfall.  Leaving  the  seed  boxes  out 
during  a  light  rain  will  often  start  seed  that  artificial  watering  for 
weeks  has  failed  to  bring  up,  and  young  plants  are  very  much  refreshed 
and  invigorated  by  a  shower  of  rain. 

Before  transplanting  it  is  well  to  harden  the  young  plants  by  giving 
them  only  sufficient  water  to  prevent  wilting  during  the  heat  of  the 
da}'.  After  a  week  or  so,  when  they  have  become  more  woody,  water 
should  be  applied  freely  for  a  few  days,  and  they  will  then  be  in  a 
better  condition  for  transj)lanting  than  if  this  ti-eatment  is  omitted. 

TRANSFERRING  TO  FRESH  SOIL. 

When  the  young  seedlings  are  2  or  ?>  inches  high,  they  should  be 
transplanted  into  flats  of  fresh  soil,  putting  in  the  plants  about  2 
inches  apart  each  way.  (PI.  IX.  a.)  This  soil  may  contain  less  sand  and 
more  leaf  mold  than  the  seed  bed.     A  mixture  of  leaf  mold,  sand,  and 


46  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

some  soil  similar  to  that  in  which  the}'  are  to  be  set  in  the  lield  is  a 
good  combination.  If  the  plants  are  few  and  choice,  it  is  usual!}"  best 
to  transfer  them  from  the  seed  bed  to  pots  instead  of  to  flats.  From 
the  pots  they  can  ))e  transplanted  with  less  loss  than  from  the  boxes. 
They  still  need  frequent  watering,  l)ut  the  surface  of  the  soil  does  not 
need  to  be  kept  as  moist  as  during  the  earlier  stages  of  growth.  For 
a  few  days  after  being  transferred  they  often  need  additional  protec- 
tion from  drying.  When  they  have  become  well  established  it  is  well 
to  expose  them  to  the  sun  and  the  outdoor  air  sufficiently  to  hardea 
them  before  transplanting  to  the  held. 

The  work  of  propagating  Eucalyptus  seedlings  is  not  always  accom- 
plished successfully  by  those  without  experience  in  gardening  or 
greenhouse  work.  Where  the  climatic  conditions  are  at  all  trying, 
unless  one  has  had  some  experience  in  propagating  evergreen  plants 
from  small  seeds,  it  will  be  better  to  purchase  the  trees  of  a  grower. 
In  the  dry  valleys  of  the  interior  it  is  especially  difficult  to  grow 
young  Eucalypts  successfully.  So  many  are  lost  from  various  causes, 
but  largely  because  of  the  dryness  of  the  atmosphere,  that  it  will  be 
found  more  economical  to  procure  the  plants  from  some  grower 
located  in  a  more  favorable  region. 

But  it  is  important  that  plants  be  purchased  of  a  reliable  grower. 
The  species  of  Eucalypts  are  so  numerous,  the  seeds  so  small,  and  the 
different  species  so  similar  in  the  earliest  stages  of  growth,  that  it  is 
easy  for  honest  confusion  to  arise  in  the  mind  of  a  grower  who  is  not 
conscientiously  careful.  When  to  this  is  added  unscrupulousness,  the 
danger  of  not  getting  the  species  desired  or  called  for  is  quite  great. 
The  Blue  Gum  seedlings  are  so  well  known  that  growers  or  buyers 
are  seldom  deceived  in  them.  But  it  is  not  safe  to  buy  any  other  spe- 
cies of  any  but  a  thoroughly  reliable  grower.  Many  nurserymen,  if 
they  have  not  the  species  called  for,  or  are  so  ignorant  as  to  be 
unacquainted  with  it,  will  substitute  some  entirely  different  species, 
thinking  the  purchaser  will  not  know  the  difference,  at  least  for  some 
years.  Last  spring  (1901)  a  Los  Angeles  nurseryman  sold  a  farmer 
plants  of  Eucalyptus  rohusta  for  both  Sugar  Gum  {E.  corynoccdyx)  and 
Red  Gum  {E.  rostrata),  the  former  in  cans  and  the  latter  in  flats. 

SETTING  IN  THE  FIELD. 

When  the  seedlings  are  from  4  to  8  inches  high  they  are  right  for 
setting  in  the  field.  (PI.  IX.  u.)  They  usually  attain  this  size  when 
they  are  from  4  to  6  months  old,  but  species  vary  considerably  as 
to  the  tune  required  to  bring  them  to  the  given  size.  They  bear 
transplanting  better,  and  make  a  better  start  after  being  set  out,  at 
this  age,  than  they  do  when  older  and  larger.  In  some  parts  of  the 
South  and  Southwest  they  can  ])e  set  out  in  the  field  almost  any  time  dur- 
ing the  year.     In  other  localities  it  is  difficult  to  get  them  started  in  the 


PROPAGATION  AND  CARE  OF  EUCALYPTS.  47 

field  except  during  certain  seasons.  In  California  they  are  commonly 
set  out  from  February'  to  Ma\%  but  may  be  set  considerably  earlier  or 
later  in  many  parts  of  the  State.  Wliere  heavy  frosts  occur  during 
the  winter  it  is  best  to  wait  until  the  danger  of  their  occurrence  is 
over,  as  many  Eucalypts  that  endure  frost  when  older  are  (juite  sensi- 
tive when  3^oung.  In  southern  Arizona  the  best  months  for  setting- 
are  March  and  April,  just  after  the  winter  rains,  and  July  and  August, 
during. the  summer  rains.  They  can  r)e  started  most  successfully  there 
Quring  the  latter  part  of  March. 

If  tlie  Eucalypts  are  being  set  primarily  for  shade  they  may  be  set 
in  singl(>  or  double  rows,  10  to  20  feet  apart  in  the  rows,  along  fences 
or  irrigating  ditches,  or  on  each  side  of  a  road;  or  they  may  be  scat- 
tered about  the  barnyard  or  the  stockyard.  But  if  the}-  are  being  set 
for  timber  or  for  fuel  it  is  best  to  set  them  8  to  16  feet  apart  each  way  in 
solid  blocks.  When  set  in  this  manner  they  grow  straighter  (thus 
making  more  serviceable  timber),  split  more  readily  for  fuel,  and  are 
in  every  way  more  useful  than  if  they  grow  scattered  about  and  exposed 
to  distorting  winds.  Some  species,  like  the  Red  Gum,  that  arc  slen- 
der and  easih^  distorted  by  the  wind  the  first  year  or  two,  will  grow 
straighter  if  corn  be  planted  among  them.  In  regions  where  the  sun 
is  trying  the  corn  serves  as  a  partial  shade,  as  well  as  a  wind-break. 
But  as  stated  before,  Eucalypts  thrive  best  in  bright  sunlight,  and  it 
is  not  well  to  permit  the  corn  to  encroach  too  closely  upon  the  young 
plants. 

SUBSEQUENT  CARE. 

The  young  plants  should  be  given  some  water  when  set  out,  and  in 
many  cases  the  watering  will  need  to  be  continued  for  some  time. 
How  long  after  setting  the  application  of  water  should  continue  will 
depend  upon  the  climate,  and  upon  the  weather  that  follows.  In  the 
coast  region  of  California,  where  night  and  morning  fogs  are  frequent, 
little  artificial  watering  is  necessary.  Farther  inland  trees  need  to  be 
watered  for  several  weeks  at  least.  In  the  dry  vallej's  of  southern 
Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas  they  should  be  irrigated  at  least 
throughout  the  first  season,  and  will  make  more  satisfactory  growth 
if  irrigation  be  continued  several  years.  After  their  root  system 
is  well  established  a  few  irrigations  during  winter  when  water  is 
abundant  will  be  all  they  they  will  need  in  most  of  this  region.  If  set 
along  irrigating  ditches  or  canals  it  will  be  necessary  to  water  them 
b}^  hand  only  a  few  months,  until  the  roots  have  pushed  down  into 
the  permanently  moist  soil. 

As  most  of  the  Eucalypts  are  quite  delicate  plants  when  small,  they 
will  need  careful  attention  the  first  season.  The}'  should  be  cultivated 
and  kept  entirely  f r^e  from  weeds  for  from  one  to  three  years,  accord- 
ing to  the  species  and  the  condition  of  the  soil.     In  many  cases  they 


48  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

will  need  some  protection  from  animals.  Rabbits  and  other  rodents 
sometimes  nibble  off  young  plants.  If  these  animals  can  not  be 
destroyed  or  excluded  from  the  field,  it  will  be  necessary  to  protect 
each  seedling  from  their  ravages  by  means  of  a  sheath  of  woven  wire 
or  other  suitable  material. 

The  great  usefulness  of  the  trees  and  the  considerable  length  of 
time  they  are  likely  to  remain  where  planted  warrant  the  planter  in 
giving  the  3'oung  plants  all  the  attention  they  need  until  they  ])ecome 
established.  The  Blue  Gum  is  one  of  the  easiest  of  the  genus  to  start 
and  needs  less  attention  than  iKost  species,  but  it  should  be  cultivated 
and  protected  from  rodents  for  at  least  the  tirst  season.  Any  species 
should  be  given  at  least  as  much  care  as  would  be  given  a  field  of 
corn.  The  cost  per  acre  for  the  care  of  the  young  seedlings  need  not 
be  much  greater  than  the  cost  of  caring  for  a  corn  crop.  To  set 
young  trees  and  then  leave  them  to  struggle  with  weeds,  to  suffer  for 
want  of  water,  or  be  injured  by  animals  is  not  economical.  Eucalypts, 
like  most  trees,  will  endure  quite  unfavorable  conditions  when  once 
established,  but  they  need  careful  attention  until  they  become  thus 
fitted  to  cope  with  such  conditions. 


Bui.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  AgricuUun 


Plate  XXXII. 


tiji  "L,  t  Ti;s  mic:-:'jthf.ca,  Montecito.  Cal. 


35,  Bureau  of   Forestry.  U    S    Dppt    nf  Agricuitur. 


Plate  XXXIII, 


Eucalyptus  '---.^_-\  i --^ic;,  nlak  bAM  ■■   M -•,--■■-.  C- 


3ul.  35,   Bureau  of   Forestry    U    S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XXXIV. 


i     I  it 


/        » 


\ 


Eucalyptus  paniculata,  State  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  Cal. 


35,  Bureau  of   Forestry.  U.  S    Dept   of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XXXV. 


Eucalyptus  pilularis,  near  Santa  Monica.  C.' 


PART  III. 
PRINCIPAL  SPECIES  OF  EUCALYPTS  GROWN  IN  AMERICA. 

In  discussing  the  following  species  of  Elucalypts  the  aim  has  been  to 
use  as  few  technical  terms  as  possible.  However,  the  species  of  the 
genus  Eucalyptus  are  so  numerous  (about  150),  and  have  l)een  known 
to  the  civilized  world  for  such  a  comparatively  short  time,  that  satis- 
factory popular  names  have  not  yet  been  assigned  to  many  of  them. 
Hence,  it  has  been  necessary  to  head  the  discussion  of  each  species  with 
the  scientific  name,  adding  whenever  practicable  a  common  name. 

To  be  sure,  the  majority  of  si)ecies  discussed  here  are  known  to 
have  names  applied  to  them  by  the  aborigines  of  Australia,  and  the 
English  colonists  have  assigned  names  to  most  of  them.  But  the  dif- 
ferent native  tribes,  and  the  colonists  as  well,  have  different  names 
for  the  same  species.  For  example,  liKcalypfKS  mio'otheca  has  seven 
known  native  names  and  six  colonial  ones;  and  E.  vimhntH.s  and  K 
ainygihdlna  are  each  known  by  nine  different  colonial  names.  To  add 
to  the  confusiori,  the  same  English  name  is  applied  to  many  different  spe- 
cies. As  illustrations  of  this,  the  term  ''  Blue  Gum  "  is  applied  to  twelve 
species;  the  term  ''Flooded  Gum''  is  applied  to  seven  species;  the  term 
"Ironbark"  to  eight  species;  the  name  "Red  Gum"  to  nine  species; 
the  name  "Stringy-bark"  to  eleven  species,  and  the  name  "White 
Gunr'  to  thirteen  species.  As  Abbot  Kinney  observes  in  his  work 
"Eucalyptus,"  each  district  in  Australia  has  a  nomenclature  of  its  own 
for  the  Eucalypts,  and  thus  the  conunon  names  are,  with  few  excep- 
tions, confused  and  uncertain. 

As  there  are  already  over  fifty  different  species  of  Eucalypts  grown  in 
America  it  will  undoubtedly  be  a  good  many  years  before  many  of  them 
will  be  known  popularly  by  well-established  common  names.  In  the 
meantime  it  will  be  necessary  to  continue  using  the  scientific  names  in 
order  to  designate  them  accurately.  EncalyptuK  (/l<)huJii><,  on  account  of 
its  predominance  in  the  Southwest,  has  come  to  be  well  known  as  the  Blue 
Gum,  but  at  least  one  of  the  eleven  other  species  known  by  this  name 
in  Australia,  which  is  also  a  promising  species  for  parts  of  America 
(namely.  E.  leucoxylon),  is  entitled  on  account  of  its  general  aspect  to 
be  known  here  by  this  same  name.  If  by  connuon  consent  the  latter 
could  come  to  be  known  as  the  "  White  Gum,''  in  reference  to  the  white 
bark  and  wood  of  the  tree  (the  specific  name,  leucoxylon,  meaning  in 
27T19— No.  35— Oi> 4  49 


50  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Greek  "*  white  wood.)""  as  it  is  known  in  parts  of  Australia,  the  pros- 
pective difficulty  would  be  obviated.  A  name  concerning  which  there 
is  considerable  confusion  is  "Red  Gum."-  Probably  the  species  most 
entitled  to  it  is  E.  rostrata^  but  both  in  Australia  and  America  the 
name  "Red  Gum'"  is  applied  to  several  additional  species  for  which 
there  is  no  other  good  popular  name.  In  America  the  name  "Sugar 
Gum"'  has  been  applied  to  E.  corynoccdyw  alone,  so  far  as  known;  and 
the  term  "Manna  Gum,"  so  far  as  it  has  been  used  at  all,  to  E.  vuni- 
nalis  alone.  E.  cormda^  and  this  species  alone,  is  known  here  to  some 
extent  as  the  "  Yate.'"  and  the  name  "Bloodwood""  seems  to  ])e  applied 
to  E.  corymbosa  only.  But  few,  if  any,  others  of  the  tiftv  or  more 
species  growing-  in  America  are  yet  known  widel}'  by  any  common 
names. 

Consequently,  the  reader  of  this  publication,  and  growers  of  the 
species  for  some  years  to  come,  will  have  to  bear  patiently  with  the 
use  of  the  botanical  names  of  the  species.  There  will  be  no  great 
hardship  or  inconvenience  in  doing  this,  as  most  of  the  names  are  quite 
expressive,  referring  to  some  prominent  feature  of  the  trees.  For 
example.  calophyUa  means  '"beautiful  leaved;"  cor/acm means  "leath- 
ery," referring  to  the  leaves;  corynocalyx  niea,ns  "club-shaped  calyx;" 
co?muta  means  "horned;"  diversicolor  refers  to  the  diverse  colors  of 
the  two  sides  of  the  leaf;  glohulus  refers  to  the  globular  seed-cases; 
goniocalyx  means  "angled  calyx;"'  /i  pern  as  foma  means  "bloody  or  red 
mouthed;"  hucoxylon,  "white  wood;"  longifolia^  "long  leaved;" 
e!tri(xlora,  "citrus  odored"  (referring  in  this  case  to  fhe  citrus  fruit, 
lemon);  melliodora^  "hone}' odored; "  tnicrotheca,  "small  seed-case;" 
ohlajua  refers  to  the  oblique  leaves  of  the  tree;  j^olyantJiema,  "manj'^ 
flowered;"  7>(<;icto?'«,  "dotted;"  reslnifera,  "resin-bearing:""  rohusta 
refers  to  the  robust  appearance  of  the  tree;  rostrata  refers  to  the  ros- 
trate or  beaked  flower  buds;  saligna  means  "willow  wood;"  sidero- 
yhloia  means  "iron  bark;"  sideroxylon,  "iron  wood;"  tereticornis 
means  "round-horned,"  referring  to  the  terete  or  cylindrical  flower 
buds,  and  vim {7iaUs  inesms  "osier  willow."  The  termination  "oides" 
means  "like,"  the  specific  name  acmenoides,  for  example,  meaning 
"acmen-like;"  hoti^yoides  meaning  botr3^s  or  grape  like,  (referring 
to  the  clusters  of  the  seed-cases),  and  eugenioides  meaning  "Eugenia- 
like, "  referring  to  Eugenia,  a  plant  genus  of  Australia.  A  few  spe- 
cific names  (and  fortunately  only  a  few  of  those  applied  to  Eucalypts 
generally  planted)  are  Latinized  forms  of  proper  names,  having  been 
assigned  by  the  namer  and  describer  in  honor  of  some  botanical 
worker.  For  example,  Eucalyptus  gunnii  is  the  Latin  for  "Gunn's 
EucaWpt;"  and  the  name  s^««r?5mwa  was  assigned  in  honor  of  a  col- 
lector named  Stuart.  Eucalyptua^  the  name  of  the  genus,  means,  as 
has  been  stated,  "well  concealed,"  referring  to  the  complete  manner 
in  which  the  essential  organs  of  the  flower  are  covered. 


PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GROWN    IN    AMERICA.        51 

The  paragraphs  giving  the  characteristics  of  the  several  species  dis- 
cussed were  all  written  or  revised  under  typical  trees  of  the  respective 
species.  It  is  hoped  that  they  are  sufficiently  accurate  and  explicit  to 
enable  a  planter,  aided  by  the  illustrations,  to  decide  more  or  less 
definitely  whether  a  particular  tree  in  question  is  what  it  has  been 
represented  to  be,  or  is  supposed  to  be.  If  there  is  no  clue  to  the 
name  of  a  tree,  the  name  of  which  is  desired,  it  will  be  necessary  to 
resort  to  the  use  of  the  keys  and  descriptions  given  in  the  botanical 
section  of  this  bulletin.  For  this  work  a  good  hand  lens  and  some 
knowledge  of  botanical  terms  are  essential. 

The  climatic  requirements  of  the  Eucalypts  described  here  have 
been  determined  mainly  by  personal  observation  and  experiment  in 
the  Southwest.  In  some  cases,  where  the  species  has  been  cultivated 
onh'  to  a  limited  extent  in  America,  inferences  in  regard  to  the  cli- 
matic requirements  of  the  tree  have  been  drawn  from  its  native, hal)itat. 
This  is  not  entirely  safe;  but  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  make  state- 
ments based  on  such  data  very  g-uardedly,  as  it  can  not  always  be 
prophesied  from  a  knowledge  of  the  native  environment  of  any  par- 
ticulai"  species  just  how  it  will  behave  in  a  foreign  countrv.  The  max- 
imum temperatures  given  as  the  degree  of  heat  a  species  will  endure 
are  those  recorded  in  the  shade  5  feet  from  the  ground  by  a  self- 
recording  thermometer. 

The  information  given  concerning  the  uses  of  the  several  species 
is  drawn  largely  from  Baron  von  Mueller's  "■  Eucalyptographia" 
and  "Select  Extra-tropical  Plants,"  Mr.  Maiden's  ""Useful  Australian 
Plants"  and  "Commercial  Timbers  of  New  South  Wales,"' and  ]\lr. 
Bailey's  "Queensland  Woods,"  since  most  of  the  species  have  not  been 
grown  in  America  long  enough  nor  planted  extensively  enough  to 
furnish  independent  data  concerning  many  of  the  uses  of  a  large  num- 
ber of  the  species.  A  notable  exception  to  this  is  the  Blue  Gum 
{Eucalyptus  glolndux)^  which  has  already  been  used  for  a  great  variety 
of  purposes,  including  wind-breaks,  forest  cover,  shade,  fencing,  piling, 
fuel,  and  oil.  A  few  others  have  been  used  for  fuel  and  for  timbers. 
The  only  useful  purposes  that  many  of  them  have  yet  served  in  America 
are  as  shade  trees,  wind-breaks,  and  bee  pasture. 

Eucalyptus  amygdalina. 

Giant  Kccalyit;  Peppkkmint  Tkki:. 

Character ktics. — In  its  native  country  the  individuals  of  this  species 
are  the  tallest  of  the  genus,  and  pro])al)ly  the  tallest  trees  in  the 
world.  In  his  "Eucalyptographia."  Baron  von  Mueller  says  of  this 
species : 

This  EuealyptU!::  is  uiu;  <.A  the  most  iriiuirkable  and  important  of  all  the  phints  in 


52  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

the  whole  creation  I  Viewed  in  its  marvelous  height  when  standing  forth  in  its 
fullest  development  on  the  slopes,  or  within  glens  of  mountain  forests,  it  represents 
probably  the  tallest  of  all  trees  of  the  globe;  considered  as  a  hard-wood  tree  of 
celerity  in  growth,  it  ranks  among  the  very  foremost;  *  *  *  and  contemplated 
in  respect  to  the  yield  of  volatile  oil  from  its  copious  foliage,  it  is  unsurpassed  and 
perhaps  not  equaled  by  any  other  tree  in  the  whole  world. 

He  speaks  of  recorded  heights  of  over  400  feet  and  of  diameters  of 
18  to  35  feet.  One  tree  furnished  a  log  220  feet  long,  12  feet  in 
diameter  at  the  top,  and  30  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base — an  immense 
stick  of  hard-wood  timber!  While  claiming  that  this  Eucalvpt  is  the 
tallest  tree  in  the  world,  Baron  von  Mueller  admits  that  in  respect  to 
height  combined  with  diameter  ''  it  must  cede  the  palm  of  superiority 
perhaps  "  to  the  Sequoias  of  California.  In  most  other  countries  out- 
side of  Australia,  this  Eucalypt  has  not  attained  extraordinary  heights; 
nor  does  its  rate  of  growth  prophesy  great  size.  (PI.  X.)  In  the 
Southwest  man}^  other  species  grow  more  rapidly  and  have  attained 
greater  height  since  their  introduction. 

The  tree  is  a  very  variable  one,  the  size  and  habit  depending  upon 
the  soil  and  the  climatic  environment.  The  great  heights  mentioned 
are  attained  in  cool,  moist  ravines.  Baron  von  Mueller  says  that  in 
more  open  country  it  is  of  much  lower  stature,  in  some  cases  being 
comparatively  a  dwarf.  It  is  the  latter  form  that  is  known  as  "Pepper- 
mint Tree."  In  the  Southwest  it  is  exceedingly  variable,  running  into 
forms  that  are  evidently  worthy  of  varietal  names.  The  bark  is  also 
quite  variable,  being  either  rough  and  persistent  or  flaking  off  and 
leaving  a  smooth,  yellowish  surface.  The  trunk  is  fairly  erect,  but 
the  small  branches  usually  droop  willow-fashion.  The  leaves  are  of 
medium  size,  varjang  from  very  narrow  to  lance-shaped.  They  are 
usually  more  or  less  curved.  The  narrow  leaves  are  quite  thick,  the 
wider  ones  thinner.  They  are  equally  green  on  the  two  sides,  and 
conmionly  have  a  distinct  odor  of  peppermint  when  crushed.  The 
flowers  are  small,  in  compact  clusters  of  8  to  15.  The  seed  cases  are 
small  and  nearly  top-shaped.     (See  PI.  L.) 

Climatic  requirements. — The  tree  endures  low  temperatures,  but  is 
injured  by  dry  heat.  It  does  best  near  the  coast  and  at  moderate  ele- 
vations in  well-watered  mountain  regions.  In  no  part  of  the  South- 
west do  the  requirements  seem  fully  met. 

Uses. — The  timber  is  not  so  valuable  as  that  of  many  other  Euca- 
lypts,  but  is  said  to  be  useful  for  shingles,  rails,  and  for  planking  in 
ships.  It  is  comparatively  light,  unlike  many  other  Eucalypts.  float- 
ing on  water.  It  does  not  usually  last  well  underground,  nor  does  it 
furnish  fuel  of  good  qualit3^  The  leaves  are  a  source  of  Eucalyptus 
oil.  Baron  von  Mueller  states  that  the  fallen  leaves  of  this  and  some 
other  species  deodorize  the  soil.  He  recommends  the  planting  of  it  in 
swampy  fever  regions,  where  climatic  conditions  are  suitable. 


Bui    35    Bureau  cf   Ft  restry,  U.  S.  Dept    of  Agricullur 


Plate  XXXVI. 


Eucalyptus  polyanthema,  on  Grounds  of  George  C.  Roeding,  Fresno,  Cal. 


35,  Bureau  ot   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of    Agricultur 


Plate  XXXVII. 


Eucalyptus  robusta,  near  Suut^ 


Jul.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultur 


Plate  XXXVIII. 


Eucalyptus  rostrata.    Tcll 


;T  Lake  Park,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


3ul.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept,  of 


Plate  XXXIX. 


Eucalyptus  rostrata.    Trees  24  Years  Old,  near  Ocean  Bluff.  Santa  Barbara.  Gal. 


PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GKOWN    IN    AMERICA.        53 
Eucalyptus  botryoides. 
Bastard  Mahocaxy. 

Charactefistics. — The  tree  reaches  a  fairly  large  size  (75  to  150  feet 
high  when  fully  grown),  making  a  vigorous  gi'owth  when  young. 
(PI.  XI.)  It  is  consequently  a  handsome  tree  during  the  early  3'ears 
of  its  growth,  and  when  fully  grown  is  very  stately  in  appearance. 
(PI.  XII.)  The  bark  of  the  stem  of  the  young  tree  is  quite  smooth,  but 
that  of  the  low^er  part  of  the  trunk  of  the  adult  trees  is  rough,  com- 
monl}'  persistent,  and  of  a  dark-gray  or  brownish  color.  The  bark  of 
the  branches  and  of  the  young  trees  flakes  ofl[',  leaving  a  smooth 
greenish  or  yellowish  surface.  The  leaves  are  horizontally  placed  and 
are  rather  large  and  thick,  having  a  dark-green,  shiny  upper  surface, 
with  a  much  paler  under  surface,  the  veins  spreading  like  the  parts  of 
a  feather.  The  flowers  are  stemless,  above  medium  in  size,  in  close 
clusters  of  4  to  10,  on  rather  stout,  flattened  stalks.  The  seed  cases 
are  cup-shaped  or  goblet-shaped,  of  rather  large  size,  in  compact 
clusters.     (See  PI.  LI.) 

Climatic  refjtiir'eiiienU. — This  species  thrives  in  a  coast  region,  but 
is  not  suited  to  regions  having  a  dry  climate.  In  Australia  it  seems 
to  prefer  moist,  sandy  situations  close  to  the  seacoast,  and,  according 
to  Baron  von  Mueller,  will  thrive  in  a  soil  containing  stagnant  water. 
In  California  it  grows  successfully  in  quite  a  variety  of  situations  within 
50  miles  of  the  coast,  having  been  quite  extensively  planted  about 
Santa  Barbara  and  Montecito,  where  it  does  well. 

Uses. — This  tree  is  one  that  can  be  used  as  a  forest  cover  for  low- 
lands in  moderately  humid  regions  where  heav}'  frosts  do  not  occur. 
On  account  of  the  nature  of  the  foliage  it  is  useful  as  a  shade  tree 
in  many  situations.  The  timber  is  called  "swamp  mahogany"  and 
"bastard  mahogany"  in  Australia,  where  the  colonists  of  diflerent 
sections  hold  it  in  diflFering  degrees  of  esteem.  Mr.  Maiden  thinks  the 
latter  may  be  due  to  a  confusion  of  names.  Mr.  Bailey  and  Baron 
von  Mueller  both  report  the  timber  to  be  valuable,  while  Mr.  Maiden 
speaks  of  it  as  "an  inferior  hard  wood,  both  on  the  score  of  strength 
and  durability."  Baron  von  Mueller  and  Mr.  Bailey  report  the  timber 
as  tough,  hard,  and  durable,  useful  for  beams  in  large  buildings,  knees 
of  boats,  for  posts,  for  the  parts  of  wagons,  and  for  shingles.  The 
wood  is  of  a  reddish  color  and  close-grained.  Baron  von  Mueller 
states  that  posts  formed  of  it  are  very  lasting,  no  decay  having  been 
observed  after  fourteen  years  of  use. 

Eucalyptus  calophylla. 

Characteristics. — This  is  a  moderate-sized  tree,  differing  considera- 
bly in  appearance  from  most  other  Eucalypts.  (PI.  XIII.)  The  bark 
is  rough,  and  grayish  or  brownish  in  color.     The  broad  leaves  are 


54  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    ITT    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

horizontalh^  placed,  dark  green  and  g-lossy  above,  and  feather- veined, 
their  appearance  giving-  the  tree  its  specific  name  calophyUa,  the  Greek 
for  "beautiful  leaves."  The  flowers  are  unusually  large  for  the  genus, 
commonly  cream-colored,  in  large  clusters.  The  urn-shaped  seed  cases 
are  the  largest  of  an^-  ILucalypt,  being  rivaled  only  by  those  of  ?J.  fici- 
folia^  to  which  it  is  closely  related,  the  most  conspicuous  difference 
being  in  the  bright  red  flowers  of  the  latter.  As  the  seed  cases  per- 
sist for  some  time,  they  are  a  conspicuous  feature  of  the  tree.  The 
seeds  are  large  and  the  seed  leaves  of  the  young  plants  consequently 
unusualh"  prominent.  The  young  seedlings  are  hairy  for  some  time, 
the  leaves  diflering  in  a  striking  manner  from  the  glossy  ones  of  the 
adult  tree.     (See  PI.  LIT.) 

Climatic  requirements. — Eucalyptus  calophyUa  thrives  best  in  a 
moist,  tropical  climate,  enduring  neither  a  hot,  dry  atmosphere,  nor 
low  temperatures.  In  America  it  has  succeeded  only  in  the  warm 
coast  regions,  failing  entirel}^  in  the  dry  interior  plains  and  valleys. 
In  no  locality  has  the  rate  of  its  growth  been  such  as  to  give  promise 
of  much  usefulness  as  a  forest  tree. 

Uses. — The  species  furnishes  a  valuable  timber,  said  to  be  used  in 
Australia  much  as  hickory  is  in  the  United  States,  but  the  wood  is 
reported  as  not  durable  underground.  It  jdelds  a  large  amount  of  kino, 
and  in  Australia  the  bark  is  used  in  tanning.  On  account  of  its  pro- 
fuse bloom  the  tree  is  an  important  source  of  nectar  for  bees.  In  Cal- 
ifornia the  large  seed  cases  have  been  polished  and  used  for  pipe  bowls. 

Eucalyptus  citriodora. 

LeM OX-SCENTED    GuM. 

Characteristics. — ^This  is  a  handsome,  fast-growing  tree,  soon  becom- 
ing tall  and  slender.  In  favorable  situations  in  the  Southwest  it  attains 
a  height  of  60  to  100  feet  in  ten  to  fifteen  years.  The  trunk  is  straight 
and  even,  the  foliage  being  confined  mostl}-  to  the  loft}-  summit.  (PI. 
XIV.)  Consequently  it  is  necessary  to  cut  it  back  severely  if  its 
leaves  and  flowers  are  to  be  accessible.  The  bark  is  light-colored, 
faintly  mottled  b}'  indentations  that  indicate  where  thin  patches  have 
flaked  off'.  This  mottling  of  the  trunk,  together  with  the  stately 
character  of  the  tree,  the  graceful  foliage,  the  profuse  bloom,  and  the 
fragrant  leaves,  make  this  Eucalvpt  one  of  the  most  attractive  of  the 
genus.     (PI.  XV.) 

The  stems  and  leafstalks  of  the  young  seedlings  are  rough,  with  short, 
brownish  hairs,  and  their  leaves  oval  or  lance-shaped,  with  the  leafstalk 
attached  above  the  roundish  base.  (See  PI.  LXXXI,  u.)  The  leaves 
of  the  tree  are  long,  quite  narrow,  and  equally  shin}"  green  on  the  two 
sides.  The  foliage  possesses  a  pleasant  odor  closel v  resembling  that  of  a 
lemon,  giving  the  tree  its  varietal  name  citriodora,  the  Latin  for  ''  citrus- 


PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GEOWN    IN    AMEKICA.        55 

odored."  The  flowers  are  abundant  and  conspicuous,  in  compound 
clusters.  The  flower  buds  are  often  nearly  pear-shaped,  the  covering 
being  nearh^  hemispherical.  The  seed  cases  are  either  egg-shaped  or 
somewhat  globular.     (See  PI.  LI  1 1.) 

Climatic  reqtdremenU. — The  tree  thrives  in  the  frostless  coast  region, 
but  is  not  suited  to  the  dry  interior  valleys.  It  is  especialh^  sensitive 
to  low^  temperatures.  Bai'on  von  Mueller  says  of  it,  in  his  Select 
Extra-tropical  Plants,  that  it  is  ''particularly  adapted  to  a  tropical 
jungle-clime." 

Uses. — On  account  of  the  characteristics  mentioned  above  this 
tree  is  suited  for  forest  planting  in  the  lowlands  of  tropical  and  semi- 
tropical  regions.  The  wood  is  of  a  grayish,  brownish,  or  yellowish  tint; 
and  flexi))le,  strong,  and  durable.  According  to  Mr.  Maiden  the  timber 
is  used  for  fencing,  implement  handles,  shipbuilding,  paving,  railway 
ties,  bridge  building,  lum])er  for  inside  woodwoi-k  of  homes,  carriage 
making,  and  for  railway  coaches.  It  is  said  to  be  replacing  Ameri- 
can hickory,  in  Australia,  in  coach  factories  along  the  coast.  The 
great  value  of  this  wood  is  due  to  its  strength,  elasticity,  and  beauty. 
It  has  been  especially  useful  in  Australia  for  paving.  In  the  South- 
west, where  the  good  hard-wood  timber  used  is  shipped  from  the  North- 
east, planters  of  Eucalypts  would  do  well  to  consider  the  merits  of  this 
excellent,  fast-growing  tree.  Its  profuse  bloom  makes  it  valuable  also 
for  bee  pasture. 

Eucalyptus  coriacea. 

Drooping  White  Gtm. 

CharacteiHstics. — The  tree  is  of  medium  size,  rarely  exceeding  75 
feet  in  height  and  3  feet  in  diameter.  It  is  a  stately  and  quite  hand- 
some tree.  The  main  branches  are  usually  spreading,  and  the  smaller 
branches  drooping.  The  bark  is  smooth  and  grayish.  The  twigs  and 
flower  clusters  are  sometimes  adorned  with  a  bluish  Avhite  })loom. 
The  leaves  are  shiny,  the  same  color  on  both  sides,  and  quite  thick, 
giving  the  tree  its  specific  name  coriacea,  the  Latin  for  ''  leathery." 
The  principal  veins  run  lengthwise  of  the  leaf.  The  medium-sized 
flowers  are  in  compact  clusters.  The  shape  of  the  fruits  is  that  of  the 
broader  part  of  an  Ggg. 

Climatic  reqiuremenfs. — The  tree  does  best  in  regions  of  moderate 
temperatures,  a  short  distance  from  the  coast.  It  is  resistant  to  frost. 
In  Australia  it  grows  from  the  base  to  near  the  top  of  the  highest 
mountains.  It  will  not  endure  drought,  nor  a  dry,  hot  atmosphere, 
though  sui)plied  with  plenty  of  water  artificially.  The  specimen  at  the 
Santa  Monica  Forestry  Station  died  during  the  recent  drought  in  the 
Southwest. 

Uses.—ThQ  timber  is  comparatively  soft,  splits  fairly  well,  but  is 
rather  brittle.     It  is  not  useful  for  underground  purposes,  but  makes 


56  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

a  good  fuel.  Since,  according  to  Baron  von  Mueller  and  ]Mr.  Maiden, 
it  extends  up  the  Australian  alps  nearl}^  to  the  permanent  snow  line, 
it  ought  to  be  useful  as  a  forest  cover  for  some  of  the  mountains  of  the 
Southwest. 

Eucalyptus  cornuta. 
Yate. 

Characteristics. — The  tree  does  not  attain  a  great  height,  and  is 
often  spreading  in  habit,  branching  low  and  profusely.  The  trunk  is 
likeh'  to  be  more  or  less  crooked.  (See  PI.  II  a.)  The  wood  is  one 
of  the  heaviest  among  Eucalypts.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  never 
deeply  furrowed,  but  is  commonly  more  or  less  uneven,  and  occasion- 
ally nearly  smooth.  It  is  usually  persistent,  but  sometimes  small 
patches  are  shed.  The  color  is  a  drab.  The  branches  are  unusually 
smooth,  from  the  repeated  flaking  ofl'  of  long  strips  or  irregular 
patches.  The  twigs  are  usually  quite  red  or  purplish.  The  foliage  is 
abundant  and  pleasing  in  appearance,  especially  on  young  trees.  The 
tree  as  a  whole  presents  a  more  or  less  graceful  appearance. 

The  leaves  of  the  young  trees  are  round  or  oval,  becoming  longer  as 
the  tree  increases  in  age.  (See  PI.  LXXXII,  d.  )  They  are  rather  thin  in 
texture.  The  flowers  are  large  and  quite  conspicuous,  in  compact  clus- 
ters, giving,  with  the  foliage  and  graceful  twigs,  an  attractive  aspect 
to  the  tree.  The  deciduous  covering  of  the  flower  buds  is  very  long 
and  prominent  (the  characteristic  to  which  reference  is  made  in  the 
specific  name  cornuta,  the  Latin  for  "  horned''),  exposing,  when  it 
falls  off,  the  long  yellow  stamens.     (See  PI.  LIV.) 

Climatic  requirements. — The  Yate  endures  high  temperatures,  but 
will  not  endure  heavy  frosts.  It  thrives  on  the  coast,  and  endures  the 
dry  hot  summers  of  the  interior  valleys  of  California  and  Arizona, 
provided  its  roots  are  supplied  with  plenty  of  water.  It  endures  tem- 
peratures of  110°  to  116^  F.,  but  is  injured  bv  minimum  temperatures 
of  23°  to  26°  F.  It  prefers  a  rich,  moist  soil,  but  will  make  a  fair 
growth  in  poor  soil.  It  seems  to  be  well  adapted  to  moist  tropical 
and  semitropical  regions, enduring  more  rain  than  many  other  Eucalypts. 

Uses. — On  account  of  its  manner  of  growth  and  the  density  of  its 
foliage  the  Yate  makes  a  very  efi'ective,  low  wind-break  and  a  good 
shade  tree,  few  Eucal^^pts  branching  freely  so  low  as  it  does.  The 
wood  is  hard,  tough,  and  elastic,  being  used  in  Australia  for  agricul- 
tural implements,  for  vehicles,  and  for  boat  ribs.  In  California  it 
has  been  used  almost  wholly  as  a  shade  tree. 

Eucalyptus  corymbosa. 

Bloodwood. 

Characteristics. — The  Bloodwood  is  a  tree  of  moderate  size,  reported 
from  Australia  as  sometimes  being  stunted  and  somewhat  shruliby  in 


3ul.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Eucalyptus  rostrata  (Red  Gum)  near  Glendale,  Ariz. 
irs  old.  not  having  been  irrigated  for  six  yeans.     Diameter  of  trunk  at  base,  is  inches. 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S    Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XLI. 


Eucalyptus  rostrata  (Red  GuM^  Phoenix,  Ariz. 
Tree  8  years  old.  grown  by  irrigation.     Diameter  of  trunk.  2U  indies. 


,  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultur 


Plate  XLli. 


Tree  12  years  i 


Eucalyptus  rudis  on  Grounds  of  Minnewawa  kanch 

l(i.     Diameter  of  trunk.  2  feet.     This  species  endures  more  heat 
in  the  Southwest. 


•r  irosts  than  any  tree 


35,  Bureau  of   Forestiy,   U.  S.  Dept    of  , 


Plate  XLIII. 


Eucalyptus  rudis,  on  Minnewawa  Ranch,  Fresno.  Cal. 

Truus  l-J  Vfiir-  n\t\.      Uiaiiiclrr  of  Iniiiks.  l.'i  to  ;;il  inclu-. 


PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GROWN    IN    AMERICA.        57 

appearance,  but  frequently  attaining  a  height  there  of  over  loOfeet  and  a 
diameter  of  3  feet.  The  grayish  or  brownish  bark  of  the  entire  trunk 
is  conniionly  rough,  wrinkled,  and  persistent;  that  of  the  upper  ])ranc'hes 
smooth  and  cream-oolored  or  reddish.     (PI.  XVI.) 

The  leaves  are  somewhat  leathery.  \'arying  in  shape  from  oval  to 
slender  lance-shaped.  They  are  paler  beneath  and  frequently  mottled 
yellowish  and  green  or  red.  The  veins  are  numerous  and  spread  like 
the  parts  of  a  feather,  giving  the  leaves  quite  a  characteristic  appear- 
ance. The  3'oung  leaves  when  torn  asunder  show  the  presence  of  a 
rubber-like  fluid  by  the  fine  glutinous  threads  that  are  drawn  out. 
The  bloom  is  very  profuse  from  an  early  age.  The  flowers  are  white 
or  creamy  in  color,  above  the  average  in  size,  in  rather  open,  flat- 
topped  clusters.  They  contain  a  large  amount  of  nectar  and  are  con- 
sequently nnich  visited  by  bees.  The  large  seed  cases  are  urn-shaped 
or  somewhat  egg-shaped,  on  slender,  slightly  flattened  stems,  quite 
dift'erent  in  appearance  from  those  of  any  other  Eucalypts.  The  seed- 
lings develop  at  an  earlv  age  leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  adult  tree. 
(See  PI.  LV;  PI.  LXXXl,  b.) 

Climatic  requiTeraenU, — Comparatively  little  is  known  of  the  parts 
of  America  to  which  Bloodwood  is  adapted.  It  does  well  near  the 
coast,  but  does  not  thrive  in  the  dry,  hot  interior  valle3\s.  Judging 
from  its  habitat  in  Australia,  it  can  not  be  expected  to  grow  thriftily 
far  in  the  interior,  nor  where  heav}"  frosts  occur. 

UseH. — This  tree  furnishes  a  wood  that  is  quite  easilv  worked  when 
fresh,  but  the  wood  when  dry  is  very  hard.  It  is  ver}'  durable  under- 
ground and  is  said  to  be  resistant  to  white  ants,  this  quality  being  due  to 
the  large  amount  of  kino  it  contains.  Fence  posts  of  it  are  reported  to 
have  lasted  forty  years  in  Australia.  Mr.  Maiden  says  of  the  timber: 
"  For  posts  in  the  ground,  and  for  use  in  culverts,  it  is  all  but  imper- 
ishable." The  presence  of  kino  renders  the  timber  unsuita1)le  for 
lumber,  and  causes  it  to  make  poor  fuel,  but  renders  it  more  valuable 
for  paving,  for  posts,  and  for  other  uses  in  underground  situations.  It 
is  one  of  the  sources  of  the  kino  of  commerce. 

Eucalyptus  corynocalyx. 

Sugar  (iiM. 

Characteristics.— Thoi  tree  attains  a  fair  size  and  is  commonly  sym- 
metrical and  erect.  (PI.  XVII.)  Its  growth  is  quite  rapid  from  an  early 
age.  The  usual  height  is  50  to  100  feet,  and  in  Australia  the  trunk  is  said 
to  often  attain  a  diameter  of  5  or  0  feet.  As  a  rule  the  trunk  is  straight 
with  only  a  slight  taper.  The  bark  is  left  smooth  by  the  continuous 
flaking  ott'of  patches  or  strips.  The  bark  of  the  main  stem  is  usually  a 
deep  cream  color,  that  of  the  branches  darker  before  shedding,  and  of 
the  young  twigs  quite  red. 


58  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

On  young  trees  the  leaves  are  mostly  round  or  oval,  while  those  of 
the  mature  trees  are  nearly  lance-shaped.  (See  PI.  LXXXI,  c.)  The 
latter  are  somewhat  thick,  the  upper  surface  being  a  shiny  dark  green 
and  the  lower  surface  dull  and  lighter  in  color.  The  bloom  is  profuse 
from  an  early  age,  and  the  flowers  are  conspicuous  among  the  leaves. 
During  the  blooming  season  the  trees  are  visited  by  large  numbers 
of  bees.  It  produces  flowers  during  several  months,  the  autumn  being 
the  time  of  the  year  when  bees  frequent  it  most.  The  unopened  buds 
are  club-shaped  and  the  cover  abruptly  pointed.  The  fruit  is  oblong, 
urn-shaped,  with  longitudinal  streaks  or  faint  grooves  showing  on  the 
face  of  some  specimens.     (See  PI.  LVL) 

Climatic  requirements. — The  Sugar  Gum  will  grow  in  a  variety 
of  climates.  It  thrives  in  California  within  a  few  hundred  yards  of 
the  water  of  the  Pacilic  Ocean,  and  grows  equally  well  in  parts  of  the 
dry  yalleys  of  southern  Arizona.  It  protits  b}^  moisture,  but  will 
endure  a  great  amount  of  drought.  In  the  interior  yalleys  of  southern 
California  and  Arizona  it  withstands  both  the  intense  heat  of  summer 
and  the  frosts  of  most  winters,  enduring  a  maximum  temperature  of 
110°  to  115°  F. ,  and  a  minimum  temperature  of  20°  to  25°  F.  As  illus- 
trations of  its  adaptability  to  difl^erent  environments,  fine  specimens  of 
these  trees  can  be  seen  at  Santa  Monica,  Cal.,  and  near  Glendale,  Ariz. 

Uses. — The  Sugar  Gum  can  be  used  as  a  forest  coyer  in  hot,  arid 
regions  where  the  frosts  are  not  too  severe.  Baron  yon  Mueller  says: 
"For  desert  country  this  is  one  of  the  most  eligible  among  timber  Euca- 
lypts,"  using  the  term ' '  timber  Eucalypts''  in  distinction  from  the  smaller 
species  (called  in  Australia  "  mallee  shrubs'')  that  thrive  in  hot,  desert 
regions.  Among  those  attaining  the  stature  of  trees  the  Sugar  Gum 
is  one  of  the  best  for  forest  culture  in  a  desert  region.  It  must  be 
understood,  howeyer,  that  it  does  not  endure  the  heaviest  frosts  that 
occur  iti  winter  in  some  parts  of  the  arid  Southwest  having  hot  sum- 
mers, nor  the  high  temperatures  of  some  of  the  hottest  yalleys.  Thus 
far  it  has  been  used  in  California  chiefly  as  an  avenue  shade  tree,  its 
value  as  a  forest  and  timber  tree  not  having  been  realized  by  many. 
To  be  sure  it  is  a  useful  species  for  furnishing  shelter  and  shade  to 
stock  in  desert  regions,  but  its  greater  usefulness  lies  in  other  directions. 
The  Sugar  Gum  deseryes  to  be  planted  much  more  generally  and  upon 
a  much  larger  scale  than  it  has  been,  it  being  one  of  the  most  generally 
useful  species  of  the  genus.  It  does  not  grow  quite  as  rapidly  as  the 
Blue  Gum,  but  is  more  useful  for  many  purposes.  As  a  source  of 
fence  posts  it  is  very  valuable. 

The  Sugar  Gum  furnishes  a  timber  that  is  very  durable  as  railway 
ties,  as  posts,  and  for  other  underground  situations.  Baron  von 
Mueller  states  that  posts  set  in  the  ground  fifteen  years  showed  no 
signs  of  decay.  The  wood  warps  very  little  in  drying,  and  when  dry 
is  very  hard.     It  is  also  useful  for  the  naves  and  felloes  of  wheels. 


PEINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GEOWN    IN    AMERICA.        59 
Eucalyptus  crebra. 
NARROW-LEAVED   IHON-RAKK. 

Character ist/cs. — This  iron-l)ark  is  usually  a  slender  tree  of  pleasinj.' 
aspect,  growing-  al)out  100  feet  high  and  2  to  3  feet  in  diameter  (PI. 
XVIII).  The  trunk  is  commonly  straight  and  even  in  size.  Accord- 
ing to  Maiden,  Sir  William  Maearthur  pronounced  it:  '"The  most 
picturesque  of  the  diflerent  species  of  Eucalypts  called  iron-bark.'' 
The  bark,  like  that  of  other  iron-barks,  is  rough  and  persistent.  It 
is  harder,  darker,  and  more  deeply  furrowed  than  the  bark  of  either 
Eucalyptus  jyaniculata  or  Eucalyptus  slderopJdoia,  approaching 
closely  to  Eucalypytm  sideroxylon  in  these  respects.  The  wood  is 
reddish,  with  inlocked  libers.  The  branchlets  are  slender  and  droop- 
ing, presenting  with  the  foliage  a  pleasing  appearance. 

The  leaves  are  narrow,  equalh'  green  on  the  two  surfaces,  and  quite 
thin;  veins  and  oil  dots  not  conspicuous.  The  flowers  are  very  small, 
in  clusters  of  3  to  7,  usually  occurring  in  panicles.  The  seed  cases 
are  verv  small,  goblet-shaped  or  cup-shaped,  with  minute  valves.  (PI. 
LVII.)' 

Climatic  rtqiurements. — The  narrow-leaved  iron-bark  endures  a 
greater  variety  of  climatic  conditions  than  do  the  other  iron-barks. 
It  is  the  only  one  of  the  group  that  will  endure  the  climate  of  the  dr}-, 
hot  interior  valleys  of  the  Southwest.  At  Fresno,  Cal.,  it  grows 
vigorously,  and  young  trees  have  grown  well  at  the  Experiment  Sta- 
tion farm  near  Phoenix,  Ariz.  It  endures  minimum  temperatures  of 
18^  to  20^  and  maximum  temperatures  of  llO'^  to  118' .  It  is  said  to 
be  content  with  poor  soil.  Judging  by  experience  with  the  species 
thus  far,  it  ought  to  grow  in  most  valley  and  hillside  situations  in  the 
Southwest. 

Uses. — Upon  account  of  the  wood  ))eing  so  hard,  tough,  and  elastic, 
the  timber  is  useful  for  a  great  variety  of  purposes.  It  is  one  of  the 
highly  valued  timber  trees  of  Australia.  Tlu>  wood  is  durable  under 
ground,  and  is  consequently  much  used  for  posts,  railway  ties,  and 
piles.  It  is  also  useful  for  bridge  material,  for  wagon  making,  and 
for  a  great  variety  of  technic  ])urposes. 

Eucalyptus  diversicolor. 

Kahhi. 

Cliaracterlxtlcx. — The  Karri  is  a  large  and  stately  tree,  in  the  South- 
west growing  much  more  rapidly  than  EucalyjAus  amyydalhia,  the 
only  tree  that  in  Australia  exceeds  it  in  height.  Baron  von  Mueller 
pronounces  it  one  of  the  grandest  trees  of  the  globe  and  "one  of  the 
greatest  wonders  in  the  whole  creation  of  plantsi'"'  He  states  that  he 
has  seen  trees  of  this  species  nearly  400  feet  high,  and  that  trees  with 


60  UCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

a  basal  diameter  of  20  feet  have  been  seen.  The  trunks  are  usually 
straight  and  even,  and  the  grayish  bark  usually  smooth.  The  latter 
is  commonly  persistent,  but  occasionally  irregular  pieces  flake  off. 
(PI.  XIX.)  ^ 

The  foliage  is  attractive  in  appearance,  the  leaves  of  the  young 
seedlings  being  oval  or  roundish  (See  PI.  LXXXIII,  b),  and  those  of  the 
adult  tree  narrower.  They  are  dark  green  above  and  paler  beneath, 
the  latter  characteristic,  although  possessed  in  conmion  with  several 
other  Eucalypts,  giving  cause  for  its  specific  name  diversicolo7\  The 
flowers  grow  in  clusters  of  -i  to  8,  with  rather  slender,  somewhat  flat- 
tened stalks.  The  seed  cases  are  egg-shaped  or  goblet-shaped.  (See 
PI.  LVIII.) 

Climatic  requirements. — This  species  thrives  in  moderately  moist 
situations  near  the  coast,  but  does  not  endure  well  the  dry  heat  of  the 
interior.  It  is  said  to  be  quite  resistant  to  frost.  The  best  specimens 
observed  by  the  writer  grow  between  Los  Angeles  and  Pasadena,  Cal. , 
where  the  atmosphere  is  moderately  humid  and  the  frosts  light. 

Uses. — In  situations  favorable  for  its  culture  the  Karri  may  be 
grown  for  a  forest  cover  as  a  rival  to  the  Blue  Gum.  Its  growth  is 
fairly  rapid,  and  its  timber  is  superior  to  that  of  Blue  Gum  for  some 
purposes.  The  wood  is  straight-grained  and  is  used  in  Australia  for 
lumber  (for  which  it  is  especially  valuable),  for  wheelwright  work,  and 
for  shipbuilding.     The  tall,  straight  trunks  make  good  masts. 

Eucalyptus  eugenioides. 

White  Stringy-bark. 

Characteristics. — Under  favorable  conditions  this  tree  attains  a  good 
size,  reaching  in  Australia  a  height  of  150  to  200  feet  even  in  sandy 
soil.  It  is  a  shapely  tree  when  young,  presenting  a  pleasing  appear- 
ance. The  bark  is  rough  and  persistent,  the  outer  surface  being  soft 
and  stringy.  The  fibers  of  the  bark  possess,  in  common  with  those  of 
other  "Stringy-barks,"  considerable  tenacity.  The  bark  as  a  whole 
resembles  considerably  that  of  American  cedars,  the  color  being  a 
mixture  of  dark  gray  and  tan.     (PI.  XX.) 

The  young  seedlings  are  clothed  with  soft  hairs,  and  the  leaves  are 
opposite  and  notched.  Later  the  twigs  become  smooth  and  the  leaves 
regular  in  outline,  the  latter  being  ovate  or  lance-shaped,  often  with 
unequal  sides,  with  the  two  surfaces  of  the  leaves  nearly  equallj^ 
green.  The  foliage  is  quite  dense.  The  flowers  are  of  medium  size, 
in  compact  clusters.    The  seed  vessels  are  cup-shaped.     (See  PI.  LIX.) 

Climatic  requirements. — This  Stringy-bark  is  best  adapted  to  a 
moderately  humid  region  with  a  climate  not  too  hot.  It  does  fairly 
well  near  the  coast  of  California,  but  does  not  endure  the  dry  heat  of 
the  interior  valleys. 


35,   Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture 


Plate  XLIV. 


Eucalyptus  siderophloia.    Trees  8  Years  Old.  East  Lake  Park.  Los  Angeles,  Cal 


3ul.  35    Bureau  nf   Forestry,  U.  S,  D.-pt.  of  Agriculture 


Plate  XLV. 


♦^"*:v;-^.:-^/^^  >^-: 


Euv^ALtHIUt    T.i.LuUAi'LUN,    MONTECITO,    CAL. 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept   of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XLVI. 


Eucalyptus  viminalis.  Pasadena.  Cal. 

Tret.'  24  years  old.     J)iimn.-tcT  <il  uuuk,  over  'y  feet. 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XLVIl 


South  Pasadena,  Cal.    Trees  12  Years  Old. 


PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GROWN    IN    AMERICA.        61 

jjf^gg^ — The  timber  is  strong-  and  durable,  splits  readily,  and  is  not 
liable  to  warp.  It  is  useful  for  lumber,  for  fence  rails,  and  for  posts. 
The  bark  is  used  for  roofing,  for  mats,  and  for  strings.  The  leaves 
are  a  source  of  Eucalyptus  oil. 

Eucalyptus  g-lobulus. 

BlIE    (4 I'M. 

Character lHtics.—Th.\i^  species  is  the  best  known  of  the  Eucalypts 
and  in  many  respects  the  best  known  tree  in  all  the  world.  Baron  von 
Mueller  says  of  it:  "Of  the  more  than  1,000  different  species  of  trees 
indigenous  to  Australia,  Lucalyptm  glohulus  takes  the  first  position 
in  importance,  and  among  its  own  kind  it  is  the  prince  of  Eucalypts." 
It  is  the  third  tallest  of  the  species  of  Eucalyptus,  the  usual  height  in 
Australia  being  200  to  300  feet.  In  California,  where  trees  can  be 
found  30  or  more  years  old,  many  have  attained  the  height  of  150 
feet,  and  a  diameter  of  3  to  6  feet  during  these  years.  One  tree  in 
Pasadena,  25  years  old,  is  over  5  feet  in  diameter.  Trees  set  thirty 
years  ago  along  an  avenue  in  Santa  Barbara  range  from  3  to  5  feet  in 
diameter.  (PI.  XXI.)  There  are  many  instances  of  these  trees  attain- 
ing the  height  of  50  or  75  feet  in  from  five  to  ten  years.  It  is  without 
doubt  the  fastest  growing  tree  in  the  world.  It  is  friendly  to  new 
conditions,  and,  taking  all  its  characteristics  into  consideration,  it  is 
the  best  all-round  Eucalypt.  It  has  been  more  extensively  planted 
throughout  the  world  than  any  other  Eucalypt  and  probably  more 
extensively  than  all  other  Eucalypts  combined.  The  tree  varies  as  to 
its  habit  of  growth,  but  is  usually  quite  erect,  though  not  always 
symmetrical  in  form.  By  a  continual  flaking  off  of  its  bark  in  patches 
or  long  strips  it  is  left  smooth  and  greenish  or  grayish  in  color. 
Occasionally,  however,  trees  are  seen  with  the  bark  persistent,  espe- 
cially near  or  at  the  base.     (PI.  IV,  a.) 

The  leaves  of  the  young  seedling  and  of  sprouts  from  the  tree  are 
quite  different  from  those  of  the  adult  trees.  The  earlier  leaves  have 
a  dusty,  light-])luish  coat,  and  are  broad  and  opposite  on  the  stems 
(see  pi.  LXXXIII,  c),  while  those  of  the  adult  are  smooth  and  elon- 
gated. The  young  twigs  are  four-sided,  while  those  on  the  adult  trees 
are  cylindrical,  or  nearly  so.  The  flowers  are  large  and  quite  con- 
spicuous. They  grow  singly  or  in  clusters  of  1  to  3.  A  prominent 
characteristic  of  the  flower  bud  is  its  rough,  warty  protuberances. 
The  seed  cases  are  large  and  nearly  hemispherical  in  form.  (See 
PI.  LX.)     The  seeds  are  larger  than  those  of  most  of  the  species. 

Climatic  reqmrements.—TV\^  remarkable  tree  has  the  power  of 
adapting  itself  to  a  variety  of  climatic  conditions.  It  thrives  both  in 
moist,  warm  regions  and  in  quite  hot,  dry  ones.  It  makes  a  good 
growth  both  in  lowlands  and  in  dry.  stony  uplands.  Its  powers  of 
removing  stagnant  water  from  low  situations  and  of  maintaining  a 


62  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

thriftiness  in  diy  situations  and  during  droughts  are  remarkable.  In 
many  situations  in  the  Southwest,  where,  during  the  three  ,vears  1897 
to  1900,  the  annual  rainfall  was  from  -1  to  8  inches  only,  the  Blue  Gum. 
in  most  cases,  maintained  a  thrifty  growth. 

These  trees  are  resistant  to  both  quite  high  and  quite  low  tempera- 
tures. While  the  young  trees  will  not  usuall}'  endure  a  continued 
temperature  much  below  27°  F.,  the}^  will  endure  maximum  tempera- 
tures of  100°  to  105°  F.,  if  the  air  is  not  especially  arid;  they  do  not, 
however,  endure  maximum  temperatures  much  above  105°  F.  in  the 
dr}^  interior  valleys  of  southern  California  and  southern  Arizona.  In 
southern  Arizona  they  endure  minimum  temperatures  of  18°  F.,  but 
are  severely  injured  by  the  dry  winds  of  summer  when  the  mercury  is 
above  103°  to  105°  F.  Several  species  of  Eucalypts  endure  both 
lower  and  higher  temperatures  than  these,  but  there  are  few  species 
that  do  so  well  when  subjected  to  extremes. 

Uses. — This  species  is  the  most  generally  useful  of  all  the  Eucalypts. 
It  is  especiall}^  useful  as  a  forest  cover.  Being  adapted  to  such  a 
variety  of  soil  and  climatic  conditions  it  can  be  used  to  cover  a  great 
variety  of  lands  Baron  von  Mueller  says: 

For  mitigating  the  heat  of  the  arid  treeless  regions,  subject  to  high  summer  tem- 
perature, Eucalyptus  globulus  plays  a  most  important  part  also.  But  the  culture  oi' 
the  tree  should  be  million  fold.  *  *  *  The  rearing  of  forests  of  our  Blue  Gum 
tree  can  be  accomplished  more  cheaply  and  more  easily  than  that  of  almost  any 
other  tree,  while  the  return  is  twice  or  three  times  earlier  than  that  of  the  most  pro- 
ductive Pine  or  Oak  forests,  and  this  raising  of  Eucalyptus  forests  can  be  extended 
to  regions  in  which  most  Pines  and  all  Oaks  would  cope  in  vain  with  an  almost  rain- 
less clime,  although  Eucalyptus  culture  can  never  advance  to  cold  zones.  *  *  * 
Sterile  land,  unless  it  be  absolute  sand,  will  soon  be  transformed  into  a  verdant  and 
salubrious  grove,  more  particularly  so  if  substrata  do  not  consist  of  impenetrable 
layers  or  outcrops  of  rocks.  While  quietly  the  forest  advances,  almost  without 
expenditure  and  care,  its  wood  treasures  increase  from  year  to  year  without  taxing 
the  patience  of  generations,  and  within  less  than  half  the  lifetime  of  man  timber  of 
conspicuous  dimensions  can  be  removed  after  fuel  has  been  provided  annually  long 
before,  while  the  unpropitious  original  surface-soil  will  have  been  converted  into  a 
stratum  of  fertility  for  agricultural  or  pastoral  returns  from  successive  storage  of  min- 
eral aliments  brought  up. 

In  the  Southwest  this  species  has  proved  to  be  the  most  useful  one 
to  plant  for  wind-breaks  and  for  shade.  It  is  also  the  one  that  has 
been  planted  most  extensively  for  fuel  and  for  timber.  (PI.  XXIII.) 
It  has  been  used  for  piles  in  several  wharves  on  the  Pacific  coast  with 
very  satisfactory  results.  It  is  also  the  one  that  is  used  principally  as 
the  source  of  eucalyptus  oil  in  California. 

The  timber  of  this  tree  is  of  a  rather  pale  color,  is  hard,  heavy,  and 
very  strong  and  durable.  It  is  fairly  straight-grained  and  quite  easily 
split.  In  Australia  it  is  used  for  shipbuilding,  for  carriage  making, 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural  implements.  It  is  also  used 
in  In-idge  building,  for  telegraph  poles,  and  for  railway  ties.     In  Call- 


PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GROWN    IN    AMERICA.        63 

fornia  the  wood  is  being  extensively  and  successfulh'  used  for  insu- 
lator pins.  It  is  also  being  used  with  success  in  the  manufacture  of 
parts  of  agricultural  implements  (harvesters,  etc.)  and  the  handles  of 
plumbers'  and  carpenters'  tools,  for  which  purposes  it  is  considered 
almost,  if  not  quite,  equal  to  hickor3\ 

Eucalyptus  gomphocephala. 

Too  ART. 

Characteristics. — The  tree  is  rather  stocky  and  is  usually  symmetrical. 
At  Mr.  Ellwood  Cooper's  ranch  it  has  attained  a  height  of  SO  feet  in 
twenty-four  years.  (PI.  XXIV.)  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  dark  gray, 
rough,  and  persistent.  From  the  branches  the  bark  flakes  oft"  in  strips, 
leaving  the  surface  smooth  and  light-colored.  The  twigs  are  reddish 
yellow.  The  leaves  are  thick  and  shining  and  somewhat  leathery,  the 
upper  surface  being  darker  than  the  lower.  The  flowers  are  of  large 
size.  The  stalk  of  the  flower  clusters  is  flattened,  the  flowers  them- 
selves being  stemless.  The  hemispheric  lid  of  the  unopened  bud  is 
broader  than  the  part  below,  giving  the  buds  the  appearance  of  pegs, 
the  specitic  name  gomphocephala  being  the  (xreek  for  "peg-head." 
The  seed  cases  are  top-shaped,  bell-shaped,  or  hemispherical,  and  are 
one-half  to  three- fourths  of  an  inch  broad.     (See  PI.  LXI.) 

Climatic  requirements. — The  Tooart  thrives  along  the  coast  and  does 
fairly  well  in  the  dry  interior  valleys.  It  has  not  been  grown  exten- 
sively enough  yet  to  determine  definitely  what  degrees  of  heat  and 
cold  it  will  endure  in  America. 

Uses. — The  tree  furnishes  a  heavy  wood  that  is  very  tough  and 
strong — one  of  the  strongest  timbers  in  the  world.  The  grain  is  so 
close  and  curled  or  twisted  that  it  is  not  easily  split.  The  timl)er  is 
used  principally  in  shipbuilding  and  for  bridges.  It  is  very  durable 
in  all  kinds  of  weather  and  in  a  great  variety  of  situations. 

Eucalyptus  goniocalyx. 

Characteristics. — This  tree  commonly  attains  a  good  size,  in  some 
situations  in  Australia  reaching  a  height  of  800  feet,  with  a  diameter 
of  6  to  10  feet.  At  Mr.  Cooper's  ranch  the  trees  in  a  grove  twenty 
years  old  range  from  8  to  18  inches  in  diameter.  (PI.  XXA',  a.)  The 
bark  is  commonly  persistent,  but  in  some  cases  flakes  ofl';  the  character 
of  its  surface  also  varies. 

On  the  young  tree,  and  on  sprouts  from  the  trunk,  the  leaves  are 
opposite,  heart-shaped  or  kidney -shaped,  and  broadly  oval.  (See  PI. 
LXXXIV,  B.)  The  leaves  of  the  adult  trees  are  long  and  quite  slen- 
der, the  two  sides  being  similarly  colored.  The  flowers  are  nearly 
stemless,  in  small  clusters  borne  on  flattened  stalks.  The  seed  cases 
are  nearly  cup-shaped,  and  are  usuallv  more  or  less  angled.  (See  PI. 
LXII.) 


64  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Climatic  re<2tiirements. — This  species  grows  well  in  the  coast  regions 
of  California,  but,  so  far  as  known,  it  has  not  been  tested  in  the  dry, 
hot  valleys  of  the  interior,  or  other  similar  situations.  In  Australia 
it  ascends  to  an  elevation  of  4,000  feet,  and  is  therefore  a  promising 
species  for  the  mountains  of  the  Southwest. 

Uses. — The  tree  furnishes  a  hard,  tough  wood  used  by  wheelwrights, 
by  boat  builders,  and  for  general  building  purposes.  It  is  very  dur- 
able in  the  ground  and  is  consequently  useful  for  railroad  ties,  for 
posts,  and  for  other  purposes  in  underground  situations.  It  also 
makes  an  excellent  fuel. 

Eucalyptus  g-unnii. 
Cider  Eucalypt. 

Characteristics.— T\iQ  tree  is  usually  not  a  tall  one,  but  in  some  sit- 
uations in  Australia  it  is  said  to  rise  to  a  height  of  250  feet.  No  trees 
growing  in  the  Southwest,  however,  give  promise  of  attaining  a  great 
height,  though  some  of  them  are  already  60  feet  high.  The  trees  are 
sometimes  crooked  and  irregular  in  growth.  In  alpine  regions  they 
are  said  to  be  mere  shrubs.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  usuallv  rough 
and  brownish,  and  is  continually  flaking  ofi",  leaving  the  outer  part 
smooth.  The  branches  are  usually  smoother.  The  foliage  is  denser 
and  darker  than  that  of  many  Eucalypts.  frequently  being  confined  to 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  however.  The  leaves  of  the  young  trees  are 
roundish,  and  opposite  on  the  stem  (see  PL  LXXXIV,  i).),  and  those 
of  the  adult  tree  are  scattered  and  lance-shaped.  They  are  usually 
shiny  and  more  or  less  stiff.  The  flowers  are  of  medium  size  and  the 
seed  cases  usually  nearly  top-shaped.     (See  PI.  LXIII.) 

Climatic  requirements. — This  species  grows  well  near  the  coast  and 
for  some  distance  inland.  It  is  a  very  hardy  species,  and.  since  in 
Australia  it  grows  to  an  elevation  of  4,000  to  5,000  feet,  it  ought  to 
succeed  in  elevated  regions  of  the  Southwest.  It  endures  fairly  well 
the  summer  heat  of  the  interior  vallej'S,  and  during  winter  grows 
thriftily,  even  though  the  temperature  fall  to  20°  F.  each  night. 

Uses. — The  tree  does  not  furnish  an  especially  useful  timber.  When 
it  grows  straight  it  is  used  by  artisans  for  many  purposes,  and  it  also 
makes  a  fair  fuel.  It  is  a  very  promising  species  as  a  forest  cover  for 
mountain  situations  not  subject  to  high  summer  temperatures.  The 
sap  of  the  alpine  form  of  the  tree  is  said  to  be  used  bv  the  aborigines 
of  Australia  for  making  a  kind  of  cider. 

Eucalyptus  haemastoma. 

White  (tum. 

Characteristics. — This  is  a  tree  of  medium  size,  being  usually  erect 
and  symmetrical  in  form.  The  bark  is  commonly  smooth,  but  is  some- 
times rough  and  persistent.     The  leaves  are  thick,  usually  lance-shaped 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  De\A   of  Agricultun 


Plate  XLVIII. 


Eucalyptus 


20  Years  Old. 


35.   Bureau  of   Forestiy,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agric 


Plate  XLIX. 


HM^yt 

WMtjL. 

mjfe?^ 

Pirn    "^ 

Mwtk 

wf^^L^w    *9mm 

' '^P#f  1 

i. 

-*.       ' '' 

Mm 

m 

^^^B 

fe.-^ 

IKfc.  i 

"  "T:***5r%^3j 

M^/  J|.|^Mwi|^-''  '^^/_ 

p^fl 

■L 

r       ,»■ 

1 

Eucalyptus  viminalis,  Montecito,  Cal.    Trees  20  Years  Old,  Growing  Among  Native 
Shrubs  and  Trees. 


35,   Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Aericultur 


Eucalyptus  amygdalina. 


3ui.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S    Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  LI. 


Eucalyptus  botryoiues. 


Bui.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S-  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Eucalyptus  calophylla. 


3ul.  35,   Bureau  of   Forestiy.  U    S.  Dept    of  Agricuitun 


EUCALr'--^;-   CiTRlODORA, 


Bui.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  LIV. 


Eucalyptus  cornuta. 


PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GROWN    IN    AMERICA.        65 

or  .sickle-«haped,  but  occasionalh^  verging  into  a  somewhat  oval  form. 
(See  PI.  LXXXV,  B.)  They  are  shiny  green  on  the  two  sides.  The 
flowers  are  of  medium  size,  in  chisters  of  5  to  7,  on  somewhat  angular, 
flattened  stalks.  The  covering  of  the  flower  buds  is  rounded,  wnth  an 
abrupt  point.  The  fruits  are  eup-shaped  or  goblet-shaped,  with  brown- 
ish or  reddish  rims.  The  latter  characteristic  gives  the  tree  its  specific 
ua.me  hseynastom a,  meaning  "bloody  mouth." 

Climatic  requirements. — This  tree  thri\es  near  the  coast,  but  is  not 
suited  in  the  dry  interior  valleys.     It  is  said  to  thrive  on  sandy  soil. 

r.ses. — Von  Mueller  and  Maiden  state  that  the  wood  is  not  of  anv 
great  value  for  timber  or  fuel,  but  furnishes  the  material  for  fencing 
and  for  rough  carpentering.  It  has  not  yet  been  grown  extensively 
enough  in  America  to  determine  its  qualities  and  uses. 

Eucalyptus  hemiphloia. 
Gray  Box. 

Characteristics. — The  individuals  of  this  species  attain  a  fair  size,  the 
usual  height  in  Australia  being  75  to  150  feet,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  1  to  -i  feet.  At  Cooper's  ranch,  Santa  Barbara,  it  has  attained  a 
height  of  80  feet  and  a  diameter  of  18  inches  in  twenty  years.  (PI. 
XXVII.)  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  persistent  and  rough,  but  never 
deeply  furrowed.  It  is  usually  of  a  grayish  color.  The  bark  of  the 
branches  commonly  flakes  off  in  long  strips,  leaving  them  smooth. 
The  leaves  are  of  a  somewhat  thick  texture,  varying  in  shape  from 
oval  to  lance-shaped.  They  are  dark  green  on  the  two  sides,  giving 
to  the  tree  a  deep  green,  pleasing  aspect.  The  flowers  are  of  medium 
size,  in  clusters  of  4  to  10,  on  stalks  that  are  somethnes  angular.  The 
covering  of  the  flower  l)uds  is  sharply  pointed.  The  fruits  are  com- 
monly nearlv  goblet-shaped.     (See  PI.  LXIV.) 

Climatic  requirements. — This  Eucah'pt  thrives  at  and  near  the  coast, 
on  the  interior  foothills,  and  in  the  hot,  dr}'  valleys  of  the  interior. 
It  grows  ec^uallv  well  at  Pasadena,  Cal.,  and  at  Phoenix.  Ariz.  It  will 
endure  minimum  temperatures  of  15°  to  20  ,  and  maxinuun  tempera- 
tures of  110"^  to  115°,  never  having  been  injured  in  the  slightest  by 
the  heaviest  frosts  or  the  hottest  winds  of  the  dr}-  interior  valleys  of 
Arizona. 

Uses. — The  foliage  of  this  tree  being  somewhat  more  dense  than  that 
of  many  others,  it  is  quite  useful  as  a  shade  tree.  The  tree  furnishes 
a  timber  that  is  strong,  hard,  and  close,  but  not  easily  split.  The 
wood  is  used  in  Australia  for  wheelwright's  work,  for  mauls,  for  han- 
dles of  various  implements,  and  for  various  purposes  for  which  a 
tough,  hard  wood  is  used.  It  is  very  durable  underground,  and  is  con- 
sequently useful  for  piles,  for  ties,  for  fence  posts,  and  for  other  sim- 
ilar objects.  Baron  von  Mueller  states  that  posts  of  this  wood,  after 
27719— No.  35—02- 5 


66  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

being  sixteen  years  in  use,  were  found  almost  perfectly  sound  in  the 
ground.  Maiden  states  that  it  is  one  of  the  best  fuel  woods  they  have 
in  New  South  Wales. 

Eucalyptus  leucoxylon. 
South  Australian  Blue  Gum. 

Characteristics.  —Trees  of  this  species  attain  fair  size  in  a  compara- 
tively short  time  and  when  full  grown  are  large.  They  are  apt  to 
grow  out  of  the  perpendicular  and  the  trunks  are  frequently  crooked. 
By  giving  them  some  attention  when  young,  however,  they  may  be 
made  to  grow  erect  and  straight.  The  bark  is  smooth  and  light  in 
color.  (PI.  XXVIIl.)  The  wood  is  white  and  quite  straight  grained, 
the  former  characteristic  giving  to  the  tree  its  specific  name  leucoxylon^ 
the  Greek  for  "white  wood."  The  foliage  has  a  pleasing  bluish  cast, 
and  is  well  distributed  over  the  tree.  The  leaves  of  the  young  seed- 
ling are  broad,  opposite,  and  stemless  or  short  stemmed.  (See  PI. 
LXXXVI,  A.)  The  seedling  is  weak  and  disposed  to  recline  on  the 
ground  in  a  vine-like  manner.  Later  it  assumes  an  approximately 
erect  position.  The  leaves  grow  scattered  and  are  long  and  slender  on 
distinct  stems,  the  whole  aspect  of  the  tree  being  quite  different  from 
that  of  the  seedling.  The  flowers  grow  in  threes  on  somewhat  slender 
stems  and  are  abundant  and  qiiite  showy,  varying  in  color  from  white 
to  pink  or  reddish.  The  seed  cases  are  somewhat  egg-shaped  or 
globular.     (See  PI.  LXV.) 

Climatic  requirements. — This  tree  will  grow  in  a  greater  variety  of 
climates  than  most  Eucalypts.  In  fact,  there  are  few  situations  in  the 
Southwest  in  which  it  will  not  thrive.  It  grows  vigorously  on  the 
coast,  on  the  interior  plains  and  foothills,  and  in  the  dry,  hot  desert 
valleys  of  the  interior.  It  is  especially  thrifty  at  Santa  Monica  (PI. 
XXVIIl),  within  a  few  rods  of  the  ocean,  and  at  Phoenix,  Ariz.  (PL 
XXIX).  It  endures  mininuim  temperatures  of  15°  to  20°  F.  In  fact, 
the  writer  has  never  observed  it  seriously  injured  by  the  heaviest  frosts 
nor  the  highest  temperatures  that  occur  in  the  desert  regions  of  Ari- 
zona. It  is  one  of  the  hardiest  of  the  fast-growing  forest  trees  from 
Australia. 

Uses. — On  account  of  its  adaptability  to  so  great  a  variety  of  climatic 
conditions,  it  can  be  used  as  a  forest  cover  for  almost  all  kinds  of  situa- 
tions, and  thus  supply  a  timber  useful  for  a  large  number  of  purposes. 
It  can  be  grown  for  fuel  and  for  the  other  purposes  that  the  ordinary 
Blue  Gum  {Eucalyj>txis  glolndus)  serves  where  the  latter  will  not  grow. 

Eucalyptus  long-ifolia. 

WOOLLY-BI'TT. 

Characteristics. — The  tree  is  usually  shapely,  and  commonly  attains 
onlv  a  moderate  size,  but  sometimes  reaches  a  height  of  200  feet  in 


PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GROWN    IN    AMERICA.        (37 

Australia.  The  trunk  is  straight,  and  its  grayish,  tan-colored  bark  is 
rough  and  persistent.  (PI.  XXX.)  The  bark  of  the  branches  flakes 
off",  leaving  them  smooth.  The  twigs  are  red  or  yellowish.  The  leaves 
are  long  (hence  the  specific  name  long! folia)  and  sickle-shaped,  the  two 
surfaces  being  equally  green.  The  liloom  is  abundant,  and  is  present 
on  the  tree  several  months  of  the  year.  The  seed  cases  are  bell-shaped 
and  somewhat  angular,  usually  growing  in  threes.  They  are  al)out 
one-half  an  inch  long. 

Climatic  requirements. — The  Woolly  Butt  thrives  near  the  coast, 
but  does  not  endure  the  dr}^  heat  of  some  of  the  interior  valle3\s. 

Uses.—T\xe  timber  is  durable,  but  is  not  so  strong  and  elastic  as  that 
of  man}'  of  the  Eucalj-pts.  It  is  used  for  posts,  for  ties,  for  street 
paving,  and  for  quite  a  variety  of  similar  purposes.  On  account  of 
the  profuse  bloom  it  furnishes  nectar  for  bees,  often  at  a  time  of  the 
year  when  other  sources  are  wanting. 

Eucalyptus  macrorhyncha. 
Victoria  8trix(;y-bark. 

Characteristics. — This  tree  is  said  to  attain  a  fair  height  in  Australia, 
but  the  si)ecimens  growing  in  the  Southwest  do  not  yet  give  promise 
of  attaining  great  size,  due  probably  to  being  planted  at  too  low  an 
elevation.  The  tree  has  not  proved  to  be  a  A'ery  s^'mmetrical  one. 
The  bark  of  the  trunk  and  branches  is  thick,  fibrous,  and  persistent, 
usualh'  a  dark-gra}'  color.  The  leaves  of  the  young  seedlings  are 
broad  and  oppositely  placed,  the  3'oung  growth  being  covered  with 
short,  stiff  hair.  The  leaves  of  the  older  trees  are  thick  and  leather}', 
being  commonly  lance-shaped  or  somewhat  sickle-shaped.  The  flowers 
are  about  medium  size,  on  slender  stalks,  in  clusters  of  4  to  10.  The 
covers  of  the  flower  buds  are  quite  distinctly  conical  or  long-pointed. 
The  seed  cases  when  fully  matured  are  nearly  spherical,  with  a  prom- 
inent rim  and  protruding  valves.     (See  PI.  LXVl.) 

Climatic  requirements. — This  species  thrives  at  the  coast,  and  is  said 
to  grow  in  Australia  on  comparatively  sterile  mountain  ranges.  It  is 
in  Australia  essentially  a  mountain  species,  seldom  growing  on  the 
plains.     It  will  not  endure  dry.  hot  climates. 

Uses. — The  bark  of  the  tree  being  rough  and  fibrous,  it  is  used  exten- 
sively in  Australia  for  roofing  sheds,  stables,  and  other  outl)uildings. 
Baron  von  Mueller  states  that  for  these  purposes  it  will  last  for  about 
twenty  years.  The  fibers  are  also  sometimes  used  for  strings.  The 
tree  furnishes  a  wood  that  is  hard  and  durable  and  easily  split.  It 
is  useful  for  lumber,  for  fencing,  and  for  shingles  and  fuel.  The 
tree  is  a  promising  one  for  a  forest  cover  for  mountain  ranges  of  the 
Southwest. 


68  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Eucalyptus  marginata. 

jAEKAtl. 

Characteristics. — Under  favorable  conditions  this  tree  grows  to  a 
large  size,  being  commonly  straight  and  quite  slender.  Few  American 
specimens  are  over  30  feet  high,  however.  The  average  height  in 
Australia  is  said  to  be  100  feet,  and  it  sometimes  reaches  a  diameter 
of  10  to  15  feet  there.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  commonh'  persistent 
and  somewhat  fibrous,  but  sometimes  flakes  oft'  in  strips.  The  leaves 
vary  from  ovate  to  lance-shaped,  usually  somewhat  curved.  They 
vary  from  thin  to  leathery  in  consistence.  The  flowers  are  quite  large, 
in  clusters  of  3  to  12,  on  conspicuous,  somewhat  flattened  stalks.  The 
covering  to  the  flower  bud  is  long  and  tapering.  The  seed  cases  are 
globular  or  egg-shaped,  being  from  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  long. 

Climatic  requireinents. — In  California  the  Jarrah  does  not  thrive  at 
or  near  the  coast.  In  interior  valleys  having  moderate  aridity  and 
heat  it  does  some  better,  but  at  no  point  in  America  where  it  has  been 
set  does  it  grow  with  sufficient  rapidity  and  vigor  to  warrant  planting 
it  for  commercial  purposes. 

Uses. — In  Australia  and  India  the  tree  is  prized  for  piles  and  ties. 
It  has  the  reputation  of  being  unaffected  by  marine  boring  animals 
and  white  ants.  This  characteristic  has  been  thought  to  be  due  to  the 
presence  of  a  high  percentage  of  kino — 15  to  IT  per  cent — but  is  now 
considered  attributable  to  an  acid  principle  contained  in  the  wood. 
It  is  also  very  durable  under  ground. 

,  Eucalyptus  melliodora. 

Yellow  Box. 

Characteristics. — The  trees  of  this  species  are  commonly  of  medium 
size  and  spreading  habit,  l^ut  are  said  occasionally  to  attain  in  Austra- 
lia a  height  of  250  feet  and  a  diameter  of  6  to  8  feet.  The  trunks  are 
commonly  crooked  and  gnarled,  the  outer  bark  of  the  trunk  being  of 
a  brownish-gray  color  and  commonly  persistent.  (PI.  XXXI.)  The 
inner  bark  is  yellow,  giving  to  the  tree  the  name  of  "  Yellow  Box." 
The  branches  are  usuall}"  quite  smooth.  The  leaves  of  the  young  tree 
are  often  oval  or  oblong  (PL  LXXXVII,  a),  but  the  prevailing  shape 
after  a  few  years  is  lance  or  sickle  shf.ped,  both  sides  being  of  a  dull- 
green  color.  The  flowers  are  of  medium  size  and  grow  in  compact 
clusters  with  short  stems.  They  emit  a  pleasant,  honev-scented  fra- 
grance, a  characteristic  to  which  the  name  melliodora'  (the  Latin  for 
"honey  odor")  refers.  The  seed  c.ises  are  nearly  the  shape  of  an  Qgg 
with  the  small  end  cut  away.     (See  PI.  LXVII.) 

Climatic  requirements. — This  species  will  grow  near  the  coast,  on 


Bui,  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S,  Dept   of  Agncultur 


Eucalyptus  corymbos/ 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept^  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  LVI. 


Eucalyptus  corynocalyx. 


3ul.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultun 


Eucalyptus  crebr/ 


35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultur. 


Plate  LVIII. 


Eucalyptus  diversicolor. 


Jul.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultun 


Plate  LIX. 


Eucalyptus  eugenioides. 


3ul,  35,  Bureau  of  Forest^,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agric 


Plate  LX. 


Eucalyptus  globulus. 


3ul.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultur 


Plate  LXI 


i 

F-,''" 

W^, 

1 

■::^i^  .7-  \  !'.'. 

WL    *                               BH 

A 

WM/m 

'IH^' 

^pS5 

^Pl 

WL  ' 

IVB 

HSJ"  J.vT^wVJ-wfc- 

^tw^^^^^^^Ftmtt^  /u^ 

%J'^^S!^msgW 

m       mml^mM:^^K^^^^^^U 

w^mib--M-                    ^^^^^ 

rMff>'^ .        :;"^.^^H 

Eucalyptus  qomphocephala. 


35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  LXII. 


Eucalyptus  qoniocalyx. 


PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GROWN    IN    AMERICA.       69 

plains  iind  foothills,  on  the  sides  of  low  mountains,  and  in  the  warm, 
dry  interior  valleys.  It  will  make  some  growth  in  the  poor  soil  of 
hillsides,  but  prefers  a  fairly  fertile  soil.  In  Australia,  according  to 
Mr.  Howitt  and  Mr.  Maiden,  it  grows  on  both  lowlands  and  highlands. 
Use.^.— The  timber  of  the  Yellow  Box  is  very  hard,  tough,  and  dur- 
able, but  is  difficult  to  work  and  is  not  easil}^  split.  It  is  used  in 
Australia  for  spokes,  rollers,  heav}^  framework,  naves,  and  cogs. 
It  is  durable  underground,  and  is  consequently  useful  for  telegraph 
poles  and  fence  posts.  It  also  makes  an  excellent  fuel.  On  account 
of  its  profuse,  fragrant  ])]oom,  it  is  comnig  to  he  highly  prized  as  a 
source  of  honey. 

Eucalyptus  microtheca. 

C'OOI.IHAH. 

Characteristics. — The  Coolibah  is  a  tree  of  medium  size,  generallv 
more  or  less  crooked,  but  of  quite  a  pleasing  appearance.  The  usual 
height  in  Australia  is  50  to  80  feet  and  the  diameter  2  to  4  feet.  The 
few  growing  in  America  have  quite  erect  trunks  and  give  promise  of 
becoming  fair-sized  trees.  (PI.  XXXII.)  It  is  one  of  the  largest  trees 
of  the  interior  desert  regions  of  Australia.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is 
rough,  generally  furrowed,  conmionly  persistent,  and  of  a  ])rownish- 
gray  color  (see  PI.  LXVIII);  that  of  the  branches,  white  and  decidu- 
ous. The  wood  is  dark  red  or  brown,  and  excessively  hard  and  inlocked. 
The  foliage  is  rather  dense  and  inclined  to  droop.  The  leaves  are 
long  and  somewhat  curved,  the  two  sides  being  e(|ually  dull  green. 
The  flowers  are  very  small,  in  3  to  8  flowered  clusters,  which  usually 
grow  in  groups.  The  seed  cases  are  very  small  and  broadly  top- 
shaped,  w  ith  the  valves  protruding. 

Climatic  requirements. — The  tree  is  indigenous  to  the  drj',  hot 
deserts  of  Australia,  doing  best  in  gravelly,  well-drained  soil.  Baron 
von  Mueller  saj's  of  it,  in  his  Eucalyptographia,  that  it  will  "  brave  a 
climatic  temperature  as  torrid  and  as  high  as  any  on  our  planet,  the 
thermometer  rising  in  the  shade,  in  places  where  this  P^ucalyptus 
grows,  occasionally  to  127"^  F.''  In  his  Select  Extra-tropical  Plants 
he  states  that  it  "  withstands  unscorched  a  frequent  heat  of  156^  F." 
It  also  endures  heavy  frosts.  It  has  grown  well  where  it  lias  been 
tried  in  the  Southwest. 

Usex. — ^As  a  forest  cover  for  excessively  hot,  dry  regions  in  the 
Southwest,  this  tree  is  quite  a  promising  one.  It  furnishes  a  timber 
that  is  valuable  for  bridges,  railway  ties,  posts,  and  for  general  build- 
ing purposes.  On  account  of  the  color  and  markings  of  the  wood 
it  is  used  for  cabinetwork  to  some  extent.  The  roots  of  this  tree  are 
used  in  a  novel  way  by  the  natives  of  Australia.  In  common  with  a 
few  other  species  of   Eucalyptus  this  tree  possesses  water-yielding 


70  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

roots,  but  the  roots  of  this  species  yield  more  than  those  of  any  other. 
They  are  dug  out,  cut  in  pieces,  and  the  water  expelled  by  blowing  at 
one  end.  According  to  Baron  von  Mueller,  the  aborigines  depend 
entirely  upon  this  source  for  water  in  many  of  their  hunting  expeditions, 
and  frequently  white  settlers  have  found  it  convenient  to  obtain  water 
from  the  same  source.  The  planting  of  these  trees  on  the  deserts  of 
the  Southwest  might  prove  a  useful  means  of  saving  the  lives  of  those 
crossing'  them. 

Eucalyptus  obliqua. 
Messmate. 

Characteristics. — This  is  a  tall,  straight-stemmed  tree,  sometimes 
attaining  a  height  of  300  feet  in  Australia,  with  a  stem  diameter  of 
10  feet.  The  bark  is  fibrous  and  persistent  on  both  the  trunk  and 
the  branches,  being  of  a  somewhat  grayish  color.  The  leaves  of  the 
young  trees  are  commonly  broad  (see  PI.  LXXXVII,  c),  but  they 
become  narrower  as  the  tree  increases  in  age.  They  are  commonl}^ 
somewhat  thick  and  stiff,  and  are  conspicuously  unequally  sided  toward 
the  base.  The  latter  characteristic  causes  them  to  set  in  a  particu- 
larly noticeable  manner  obliquely  to  the  stem,  hence  the  specific  name 
obliqua.  (See  PI.  LXIX.)  The  medium-sized  flowers  are  very  short 
stemmed,  the  stalks  of  the  clusters  being  rather  slender  and  slighth^ 
compressed.  The  shape  of  the  mature  seed  cases  is  that  of  an  egg 
with  the  smaller  end  cut  awa}^;  or,  in  some  cases,  they  are  nearly 
hemispherical. 

Climatic  require7nents. — This  species  grows  fairly  well  at  or  near 
the  coast,  doing  best,  however,  some  distance  inland,  but  it  does  not 
thrive  in  the  dry,  hot  vallej's  of  the  interior.  The  fact  that  it  extends 
well  up  into  the  mountains  of  Victoria  and  New  South  Wales,  Aus 
tralia,  indicates  that  it  is  suitable  for,  and  worth 3^  of  trial  on,  the 
lower  mountains  of  the  Southwest.  It  will  thrive  in  light,  barren  soil, 
but  does  not  endure  severe  drought. 

Uses. — The  timber  of  Eucalyptus  obliqua  is  straight  and  easily  split. 
In  Australia  this  tree  furnishes  much  of  the  hardwood  lumber  used 
for  rough  building  purposes.  It  is  also  used  extensively  for  fence 
rails,  palings,  and  shingles.  However,  it  does  not  last  well  under- 
ground.    The  bark  has  been  used  for  paper  making. 

Eucalyptus  occidentalis. 

Flat-topped  Yate. 

Character hstics. — Individuals  of  this  species  vary  considerably  in 
habit  of  growth.  Frequently  they  are  shrubby  in  form,  several  stems 
rising  from  one  root  and  growing  to  a  height  of  10  to  30  feet.  (PI. 
XXXIII.)     Under  more  favorable  conditions  they  are  more  tree-like, 


PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GROWN    IN    AMERICA.        71 

and  sometimes  attain  a  height  of  over  100  feet  in  Australiu.  The  ))ark 
of  the  trunk  is  in  some  cases  smooth,  in  age  casting  off  thin  pieces, 
and  in  other  cases  quite  rough  and  persistent.  The  branches  are 
smooth  and  whitish,  and  are  of  about  equal  height,  the  characteristic 
giving  the  tree  a  flat-topped  appearance.  The  bark  of  the  small  twigs 
is  reddish  brown.  The  leaves  are  of  medium  size  and  (juite  thick  and 
shiny,  the  two  sides  being  similar  in  appearance.  (See  PI.  LXXXII,  c.) 
The  flowers  are  large  and  (luite  conspicuous.  The  stalks  of  the  clus- 
ters are  flattened  and  the  flower  stems  angled.  The  seed  cases  are 
somewhat  bell-shaped  or  pear-shaped.     (See  PI.  LXX.) 

Climatic  I'tqti!  rem  cuts. — This  species  thrives  at  and  near  the  coast, 
where  the  minimum  temperatures  are  not  below  25-^  F..  and  it  endures 
the  dry  heat  of  the  valleys,  l)ut  is  injured  somewhat  in  the  latter  situ- 
ations when  the  mercury  falls  below  'li)    F. 

Usts. — The  timber  of  this  tree  is  hard  and  strong,  and  is  used  for 
fences,  ties,  posts,  and  fuel. 

Eucalyptus  paniculata. 

White  Ikox  Bahk. 

Chai-acteristies. — The  trees  of  this  species  are  usually  below  medium 
size,  the  maximum  height  1)eing  something  over  100  feet,  and  in 
some  parts  of  Australia  growing  only  to  a  height  of  25  or  30  feet. 
In  the  Southwest  it  has  not  made  a  promising  growth,  few  trees  being- 
yet  over  6  inches  in  diameter.  The  barlj  of  the  trunk  is  usually  hard, 
rough,  and  of  a  grayish-brown  color.  (PI.  XXXIV.)  In  some  cases, 
however,  it  flakes  ofl',  leaving  the  stem  smooth  and  grayish  in  color. 
The  leaves  are  of  medium  size,  being  commonly  lance-shaped,  or  some- 
what curved.  The  flowers  are  abundant,  below  medium  size,  in  clus- 
ters of  3  to  8,  on  rather  slender,  angled  stalks.  The  seed  cases  vary 
from  low  cup-shaped  to  goblet-shaped. 

CJimatic  requirements. — This  Iron  Bark  grows  fairly  well  near  the 
coast  and  in  the  mountains,  but  does  not  endure  heat  and  drouth  well. 
At  the  Santa  Monica  forestry  station  it  barely  survived  the  drouth 
of  1899-1900. 

UseH. — This  tree  furnishes  a  timber  that  is  hard  and  durable,  ])eing 
one  of  the  very  valua])le  timber  trees  of  Australia.  It  is  useful 
wherever  strength,  hardness,  and  durability  are  desirable. 

Eucalyptus  pilularis. 

Black  lUTT. 

Charactrristicx.—ThiH  is  a  shapely,  good-sized  tree,  attaining  in  Aus- 
tralia, under  favorable  circumstances,  according  to  Baron  von  Mueller, 
a  height  of  300  feet  and  a  diameter  of  15  feet.  According  to  Maiden, 
th(^  average  height  is  100  to  150   feet,  with  a  diameter  of  3  to  5  feet. 


72  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED   IN   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

In  the  Southwest  it  has  made  a  fairl}"  rapid  growth,  but  does  not  give 
promise  of  reaching  a  great  size.  The  trees  are  inclined  to  be  tall 
and  slender,  with  little  foliage  near  the  ground.  (PI.  XXXV.)  The 
bark  of  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk  is  dark  gray,  rough,  and  partially 
persistent,  but  from  most  of  the  trunk  it  flakes  otf  in  patches.  The 
})ark  of  the  branches  is  smooth  and  light  colored.  The  twigs  are  often 
conspicuously  angled.  The  leaves  are  scattered,  nearly  lance-shaped, 
and  aliout  the  same  color  on  each  side.  The  flowers  are  of  medium 
size,  in  clusters  of  -t  to  16,  on  scattered  stalks.  The  flower-bud  cover- 
ings are  conical.  The  seed  cases  are  nearly  spherical,  or  the  shape  of 
the  broad  part  of  an  egg.  The  round  form,  resembling  that  of  a  pill, 
suggested  the  specific  name  pilularis. 

Climatic  requirements. — The  Blackbutt  grows  along  the  coast  of 
southeastern  Australia,  and  to  some  extent  on  inland  mountain  slopes. 
In  America  it  grows  quite  thriftil}^  at  and  near  the  coast,  but  does 
not  thrive  in  the  dr}^  hot  interior  valleys,  enduring  neither  very  high 
nor  very  low  temperatures. 

Uses. — The  strong  and  durable  timber  of  the  Blackbutt  is  used  in 
Australia  for  house  carpentr}^  for  bridge  and  ship  building,  for  tele- 
graph poles,  and  for  railway  ties.  Its  slender  growth  makes  it  espe- 
cially suitable  for  telegraph  poles.  It  is  considered  one  of  the  best 
all  around  timbers  furnished  by  an}^  Eucalypt.  Fence  posts  of  this 
timber  are  reported  to  last  twenty  years.  The  tree  is  an  excellent 
honey  producer,  the  honey  from  it  being  reported  to  be  of  an  especialh^ 
good  quality. 

Eucalyptus  piperita. 
White  Stringy-bark. 

Characteristics. — The  trees  of  this  species  attain  a  considerable 
height  and  are  commonly  erect  and  quite  shapely.  The  grayish  bark 
of  the  trunk  is  fibrous  and  persistent.  The  leaves  of  the  adult  trees 
vary  in  shape  from  a  l)roadly  lance-shaped  and  very  unequally  sided 
to  a  narrowly  lance-shaped  and  quite  straight  leaf.  The  young  seed- 
lings are  clothed  with  distinct  hairs.  The  flowers  are  of  about  medium 
size,  in  compact  clusters  of  6  to  12.  The  flower-bud  coverings  are 
cone-shaped  or  taper-pointed.  The  seed  cases  are  the  shape  of  the 
broader  part  of  an  egg  or  are  nearly  spherical. 

Cliinatic  requirements. — This  tree  makes  a  fairly  rapid  growth  near 
the  coast  and  in  cool  inland  situations,  but  does  not  endure  dry,  hot 
climates,  and  will  not  tolerate  heavy  frosts. 

Uses.—T^e  timber  is  readily  split  and  is  used  for  fencing  and  gen- 
eral building  purposes.  It  is  one  of  the  species  eligible  for  planting 
for  a  forest  cover  on  mountain  sides  where  it  is  not  too  dry  nor  sub- 
ject to  too  heav^}'  frosts. 


Bui.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultt 


Plate  LXIII. 


Eucalyptus  gunni 


35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultun 


Plate  LXIV. 


Eucalyptus  hemiphloi- 


3ul.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  LXV. 


Eucalyptus  leucoxylon. 


Bui.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestty,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agncuitu 


Plate  LXVI. 


Eucalyptus  macrorhyncha. 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  (J.  S    Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  LXVII. 


Eucalyptus  melliodor/: 


3ul.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultur. 


Plate  LXVIII 


Eucalyptus  microtheca. 


Jul.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U    S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  LXIX. 


Eucalyptus  obliqua. 


Bui.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Oept.  of  Agricultu 


Plate  LXX. 


Eucalyptus  occidentali 


PEINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GKOWN    IX    AMEKICA.       73 
Eucalyptus  polyanthema. 
Red  Box. 

CharacteriMlcs.—Thiii  is  commonl.y  a  medium-sized  tree,  although 
it  is  said  occasionally  to  reach  a  height  of  250  feet  in  Australia.  It  is 
not  a  rapid  grower,  and  few  of  the  American  specimens  have  attained 
a  diameter  of  over  1  foot.  It  commonly  sends  up  a  single  trunk,  hut 
quite  frequently  several  stems  arise  from  the  same  ])ase.  The  tree  is 
of  a  spreading  habit,  and,  with  its  characteristic  foliage  and  profuse 
bloom,  presents  a  very  pleasing  appearance.  (PI.  XXXVI.)  The 
bark  of  the  trunk  and  branches  is  persistent,  somewhat  furrowed,  and 
grayish  in  color. 

The  leaves,  both  of  the  seedlings  and  of  the  adult  trees,  arc  roundish 
or  broadly  egg-shaped,  and  of  an  ashy  or  dull  green  hue  on  both 
sides.  (See  PI.  LXXXVII.  b.)  The  bloom  is  profuse  and  dainty,  the 
flowers  being  considerably  below  average  size  and  arranged  in  l)ranch- 
ing  clusters.  (See  PI.  LXXI.)  The  seed  cases  are  somewhat  top- 
shaped  and,  with  their  stems,  are  quite  distinctly  goblet-shaped.  The 
margins  are  thin  and  often  indented  or  split. 

Climatic  re<ndremenU. — This  species  thrives  under  a  great  variety 
of  climatic  conditions.  It  grows  at  and  near  the  coast,  in  the  foot- 
hills, on  mountain  sides,  and  in  the  hot,  dry  valleys  of  the  interior. 
It  endures  minimum  temperatures  of  15^  to  20^  F.  and  maximum  tem- 
peratures of  110-  to  118-  F.  It  is  one  of  the  few  species  tested  at  the 
Experiment  Station  farm  near  Phoenix  that  has  been  entirely  unin- 
jured by  either  the  frosts  of  winter  or  the  heat  of  summer.  There 
are  probably  few  situations  in  the  Southwest  below  3,000  feet  eleva- 
tion in  which  the  tree  would  not  grow. 

U>ies.  —The  timber  of  this  ti-ee  is  very  hard,  strong,  and  durable, 
being  used  in  Australia  for  railway  ties,  for  cogs,  and  for  the  parts  of 
wheels.  It  also  makes  an  excellent  fuel.  Upon  account  of  the  pro- 
fuse })loom  appearing  at  a  time  when  sources  of  honey  are  limited,  it 
is  a  useful  tree  for  bee  pasture.  Its  habit  of  growth  and  pleasing 
aspect  render  it  a  good  shade  tree.  It  .-an  also  be  used  as  a  wind-break 
in  localities  where  faster  growing  trees  will  not  endure  the  climatic 
conditions. 

Eucalyptus  populifolia. 

Poi'LAR- LEAVED    BoX. 

Characti'rktics. — The  tree  is  one  of  medium  size,  resembling  con- 
siderably the  preceding  species.  The  bark  is  wrinkled  and  more  or 
less  furrowed,  and  is  persistent.  The  leaves  are  scattered  on  rather 
long  stalks,  and  are  roundish  or  somewhat  egg-shaped.  Thev  are  veiy 
shiny  and  a  deep  green  on  both  sides.  The  marginal  vein  of  the  leaves 
is  some  distance  from  the  edge.     The  flowers  are  very  small,  in  clusters 


74  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

of  3  to  12  on  very  short  stems.  The  stalks  of  the  flower  clusters  are 
rather  long  and  slender,  being  either  single  at  the  base  of  a  leaf  stem 
or  in  branching  groups.  The  lid  of  the  flower  bud  is  hemispherical. 
The  seed  cases  are  ver^^  small  and  nearly  top-shaped.     (See  PI.  XC.) 

Climatic  requirements. — This  tree  thrives  in  dry  situations  in  Cal- 
ifornia, and,  judging  by  its  Australian  habitat,  it  could  be  grown  even 
more  successfully  in  the  dr}-  interior  of  the  Southwest  than  its  near 
relative,  Eacalyptus  jjolyanthem a. 

Uses. — This  tree  seems  not  to  be  sufficiently  known  either  in  Aus- 
tralia or  in  America  to  justify  an}^  conclusions  as  to  its  qualities  or 
uses.  It  is  reported  to  furnish  durable  posts,  and  probably  in  all  its 
qualities  closely  resembles  Eucalyptus  j>olyantliema. 

Eucalyptus  punctata. 

Leather-jacket. 

Characteristics.- — The  tree  is  of  medium  size,  attaining  in  Australia 
a  height  of  about  100  feet.  It  has  a  spreading  habit,  especially  when 
young,  not  possessed  hj  many  Eucalypts.  The  bark  is  rough  and  of 
a  dark  color,  and  has  a  tendency  to  flake  off.  The  leaves  are  lance- 
shaped  or  sickle-shaped,  and  thin.  (See  PI.  LXXXVIII,  b.  )  The  under 
surface  is  somewhat  paler  than  the  upper  shiny  one.  The  flowers  are 
above  medium  size,  in  clusters  of  3  to  10  on  rather  stiff,  flattened  stalks. 
The  shape  of  the  seed  cases  is  nearly  that  of  the  broad  part  of  an  %gg. 

Climatic  requirements. — This  species  thrives  at  and  near  the  coast, 
but  does  not  do  as  well  in  the  dry  interior. 

Uses. — The  wood  of  this  tree  is  tough,  hard,  close-grained,  and  very 
durable.  It  is  useful  for  fence  posts,  railwa}^  ties,  and  for  the  parts 
of  wheels.     It  also  makes  an  excellent  fuel. 

Eucalyptus  resinifera. 

Red  Mahogany. 

Characteristics. — This  is  a  tree  of  fair  size,  when  full  grown,  reach- 
ing a  height  of  100  feet.  It  is  usually  erect  and  symmetrical.  The 
bark  of  the  trunk  is  dark  reddish,  fibrous,  and  persistent,  resembling 
oon.siderably  that  of  the  Stringy  barks.  The  bark  of  the  branches  is 
more  or  less  deciduous.  The  wood  is  a  rich,  red  color  resembling  true 
mahogany,  and  is  very  heavy.  The  leaves  are  slender  and  usually 
somewhat  curved.  (See  PI.  LXXXVIII,  a.)  They  are  somewhat 
leathery  in  -texture,  and  are  considerably  paler  beneath  than  above. 
The  veins  spread  like  the  parts  of  a  feather.  The  flowers  are  of  about 
medium  size,  in  clusters  of  4  to  10,  on  a  somewhat  compressed  stalk. 
The  buds  are  distinctly  cream-colored,  the  lids  being  conical,  with 
tapering  points.  The  seed  cases  are  cup-shaped  or  bell-shaped.  (See 
PL  LXXIL) 


PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GROWN    IN    AMERICA.        75 

Climatic  requirements. — The  Red  Mahogany  o-rows  quite  well  in  tlie 
coast  region  of  California,  but  does  not  thrive  in  the  dry  interior  val- 
leys. It  does  not  resist  severe  frost,  nor  does  it  endure  high  temper- 
atures in  a  dry  atmosphere.  It  is  well  suited  to  moist,  semitropical 
climates,  being  contined  in  Australia  almost  exclusively  to  the  warm 
coast  districts. 

Uses. — The  tree  furnishes  a  timber  that  is  very  strong,  hard,  and 
durable.  It  is  used  in  Australia  for  piles,  posts,  paving,  shingles,  and 
general  building  purposes.  Mr.  Maiden  says  in  his  ''Useful  Austra- 
lian Plants:'"' 

This  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  hard  woods  of  the  colony  [New  South  A\'ales].  It 
is  a  rich  red  color,  resemblinf?  true  mahogany  a  good  deal  in  appearance.  It  is  a 
grand  furniture  wood  where  its  weight  is  not  against  it.  *  *  *  It  is  one  of  the 
most  durable  timbers  we  have,  being  greatly  resistant  to  damp  and  the  attacks  of 
white  ants. 

This  Eucalypt  can  be  used  as  a  forest  cover,  as  a  shade  tree,  and  as  a 
wind-])reak  where  it  is  too  moist  and  warm  for  other  species,  and  will 
at  the  same  time  be  a  source  of  valual)le  timber. 

Eucalyptus  robusta. 
Sw.vMi'  Maikxianv. 

Character i^t'icf. — This  is  a  tree  symmetrical  in  form  and  of  medium 
size.  In  the  Southwest  it  has  not  yet  exceeded  a  height  of  50  feet  and 
a  diameter  of  1  foot,  but  in  Australia  it  is  said  to  attain  a  height  of 
100  feet,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  50  feet  long  and  nearl}'  -i  feet  in 
diameter.  The  heav  v  foliage  and  spreading  habit  give  the  tree  a  stately, 
robust  appearance,  hence  its  specitic  name,  rohmta.  (See  PI.  XXX VI 1 . ) 
The  rusty  gray  bark  is  persistent  and  is  usually  wrinkled  and  fur- 
rowed. The  bark  of  the  branches  frequently  tiakes  off,  leaving  them 
smooth.  The  leaves  are  large  and  leatheiy.  sometimes  being  tt  inches 
long  and  2  inches  wide.  (See  PI.  LXXIII.)  The  upper  side  is  dark 
green,  the  lower  a  paler  green  color.  The  cream-colored  flowers  are 
large  and  quite  abundant,  growing  in  clusters  of  3  to  10  on  stout, 
usually  flattened  stocks.  The  seed  cases  are  goblet-shaped,  or  some- 
times urn-shaped,  and  occasionally  slightly  angled.     (See  PI.  XCI.) 

Climatic  requirements. — The  tree  thrives  at  and  near  the  coast,  but 
does  not  endure  well  the  drv  heat  of  the  interior.  In  its  native  coun- 
tr}'  it  grows  in  warm,  swampy  coast  localities,  l)ut  in  the  Southwest 
it  will  grow  in  quite  a  variety  of  situations  if  supplied  with  suflicient 
water.  It  has  been  nuich  planted  as  an  avenue  tree  in  the  Southwest, 
but  after  a  few  j'ears  it  usually  makes  an  irregular,  unsatisfactory 
growth,  unless  the  roots  are  kept  quite  moist.  It  ought  to  thrive 
along  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  ^Mexico,  in  regions  free  from  heavy 
frosts. 


76  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Uses.— The  wood  of  this  tree  is  not  in  special  favor  with  artisans; 
but  as  it  is  durable  underground  it  is  very  useful  for  posts,  ties,  and 
similar  purposes.  According  to  Baron  von  Mueller  it  is  free  from  the 
attacks  of  destructiv^e  insects,  which  is  ascribable  to  the  presence  of 
kino. 

Eucalyptus  rostrata. 
Red  Gr.M. 

Characteristics. — Individuals  of  this  species  make  fairh'  rapid 
growth,  and  are  commonly  above  medium  size.  The  tree  varies  con- 
siderably in  habit  and  appearance,  in  some  cases  being  erect  and 
statelv.  and  in  other  cases  unsymmetrical  and  irregular  in  growth. 
(Pis.  XXXVIII,  XXXIX.)  The  individuals  also  vary  as  to  the  hue 
of  the  foliage,  that  of  some  being  a  livid  green,  while  that  of  others 
may  be  yellowish  or  reddish. 

The  Red  Gum  is  one  of  the  leading  forest  trees  of  the  Australian 
continent.  Baron  von  Mueller  says  of  it  that  it  is  "perhaps  the  most 
important  of  the  W'hole  genus!"  Mr.  Maiden  says,  "  I  do  not  suppose 
that  there  is  a  person  resident  in  Victoria  or  South  Australia  for  six 
months  who  does  not  well  know  what  Red  Gum  is;''  and,  in  speaking 
of  its  occurrence  in  Kew  South  Wales,  adds,  ''It  is  the  tree  which  pro- 
duces directly  to  the  colon}^  by  far  the  most  revenue  of  all  our  trees." 

The  tree  is  commonl}-  about  100  feet  high  in  Australia,  but  is 
reported  under  favorable  circumstances  to  grow  to  double  that  height, 
with  a  trunk  diameter  of  6  to  12  feet.  The  bark  of  the  vounger  trees 
is  smooth  and  reddish  or  ashy  gra}-;  of  the  older  ones  usually  more  or 
less  rough  and  furrowed.  It  is  commonly  persistent,  but  occasionally 
patches  of  varying  thickness  flake  off.  The  stems  of  the  young  seed- 
lings and  the  twigs  of  the  trees  are  red.  The  leaves  are  of  medium 
size,  lance-shaped  or  sickle-shaped,  and  have  the  same  color  on  the 
two  sides.  The  flowers  are  small,  on  slender  stems,  in  clusters  of  3 
to  12,  borne  on  rather  slender  stalks.  The  deciduous  covering  of  the 
flower  bud  is  distinctly  pointed  or  beaked,  the  Latin  word  for  which 
is  rostratusj  giving  the  tree  its  speciflc  name.  The  seed  cases  are  cup- 
shaped,  with  conspicuous  protruding  valves.     (See  PI.  LXXIV.) 

Climatic  requiremeiits. — The  Red  Gum  grows  under  a  great  variety 
of  climatic  conditions.  It  is  scattered  over  most  of  the  southeastern 
part  of  Australia,  growing  there  in  a  great  variety  of  situations. 
While  it  prefers  moist  river  bottoms  with  an  equable  climate,  it  will 
endure  much  heat,  severe  frost,  and  considerable  drought.  In  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  United  States  it  thrives  at  the  coast,  on  the 
dr\'  mesas,  in  the  foothills,  and  in  many  of  the  dr}',  hot  valleys  of  the 
interior.  In  the  latter  region  it  endures  minimum  temperatures  of  15° 
to  20°  F.,  and  maximum  temperatures  of  110°  to  115°  F.  It  thrives 
in  the  moist,  fogg}^  sections  of  the  coast  regions  of  the  Southwest,  and 


35,   Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept,  of  Agnculturi 


Plate  LXXI 


Eucalyptus  polyanthema. 


j|.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricuitu 


Plate  LXXII. 


Eucalyptus  resinifera. 


Bui.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U,  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  LXXIII. 


Eucalyptus  robusta. 


3ul.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricuitu 


Plate  LXXIV. 


^    11^ 


Eucalyptus  rostrata. 


PRIKCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GROWN    IN    AMERICA.        77 

endure.s  the  desert  conditions  of  southern  Arizona.  Near  Phoenix, 
where  the  annual  rainfall  is  only  7  inches,  are  trees  that  in  ten  years 
have  attained  a  height  of  30  to  -45  feet  and  a  basal  diameter  of  1  foot, 
with  no  irrigation  since  the  first  few  years  of  their  growth.  (See  Pis. 
XL,  XLI.)  Besides  enduring  such  extreme  climatic  conditions  as 
indicated,  this  species  is  also  tolerant  of  considerable  alkali. 

The  Red  Gum  seems  to  have  become  more  nearly  naturalized  in  the 
Southwest  than  anj^  other  species.  As  already  stated,  it  grows  spon- 
taneously in  considerable  abundance  on  Mr.  Cooper's  ranch  near  Santa 
Barbara,  the  climatic  and  soil  conditions  of  the  ravine  that  extends 
through  his  estate  seeming  to  reseml>le  quite  closely  conditions  under 
which  the  tree  thrives  in  its  native  land.  As  the  species  becomes  more 
generally  planted  it  will,  very  prol)ably,  come  to  grow  spontaneously 
under  a  variet}-  of  conditions. 

Uses. — The  Red  Gum  furnishes  a  timber  tiuit  is  v(M'y  vaUia])le  for 
many  purposes.  When  freshly  cut.  the  wood  is  a  rich  red  color  that 
grows  darker  as  it  is  exposed  to  the  air.  It  is  close-grained,  the  libers 
being  interlocked  and  thus  rendering  it  quite  difficult  to  split.  It  is 
very  hard  and  strong — Mr.  Maiden  sa3\s  ''almost  as  hard  as  iron,  when 
thoroughly  dry."  The  great  usefulness  of  the  timber  is  due  prin- 
ci]3ally  to  its  durability,  both  underground  and  in  water.  Baron  von 
Mueller  says,  in  his  "  Introduction  to  Botanical  Teachings,"  that  "  well 
matured  trees  of  this  species,  cut  at  the  season  when  the  circulation  of 
the  sap  is  least  active,  and  carefull}^  placed  for  drying,  have  proved 
one  of  the  most  durable  of  any  timbers  of  the  whole  globe."  Accord- 
ing to  this  author  and  Mr.  Maiden,  the  principal  uses  of  the  timber  in 
Australia  are  for  ship  building,  for  bridge  building,  for  paving,  for 
telegraph  poles,  posts,  piles,  house  blocks,  and  street  curbing.  It  is 
reported  to  l)e  quite  resistant  to  the  attacks  of  marine  animals  and 
white  ants.  Baron  von  Mueller  sa3'S,  '"The  timber  is  one  of  the  most 
highly  esteemed  in  all  Australia  among  that  of  pAicalypts  ;"  and  Mr. 
Maiden,  in  speaking  of  this  species  in  an  address  upon  the  forests  of 
New  South  Wales,  May,  1901,  states  that  ''there  is  no  difficulty  in 
supplying  a  practically  unlimited  demand  for  a  timber  of  one  uniform 
quality,"" 

In  Australia  the  Red  (xum  is  a  source  of  commercial  kino,  the  article 
from  this  species  being,  according  to  Mr,  Maid(Mi.  "perhaps  the  best 
known  of  all  Elucalyptus  kinos."  Exudations  are  provoked  V)y  chop- 
ping a  few  chips  from  the  bark  of  the  trunk. 

In  America  the  principal  uses  made  of  the  Red  (Jum  have  l)een  for 
fuel  and  for  posts,  Mr.  Cooper  cuts  it  for  fuel  for  home  use  and  for 
market,  and  considers  it  a  protital)le  species  for  that  purpose.  On 
account  of  its  profuse  Ijloom  it  is  a  good  honey-yielding  tree,  l)oth  in 
Australia  and  in  America.  Besides  the  above,  the  species  is  useful  as 
a  shade  tree,  as  a  wind-l)reak.  and  as  a  forest  cover  in  a  great  variety 


78  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

of  situations.  Owing  to  the  great  value  of  the  tree  from  so  many 
standpoints,  no  mistake  will  be  made  in  setting  it  wherever  it  will 
thrive.  It  may  be  planted  with  profit  as  a  forest  cover  in  ravines,  on 
hillsides,  on  plains,  and  in  quite  dry  desert  situations.  Such  planta- 
tions will  within  a  decade  begin  to  be  sources  of  posts,  fuel,  railway 
ties,  telegraph  poles,  and  bridge  timbers,  and  will  eventually  produce 
timber  suitable  for  other  important  uses.  If  such  plantings  were 
made  along  railway  tracks,  ties  for  keeping  them  in  repair  would  be 
available  within  a  decade,  and  later  the  product  would  be  sufficient  for 
extensions  of  the  road  into  new  sections.  Timbers  for  repairing  rail- 
way bridges  and  building  new  ones,  as  well  as  for  telegraph  poles, 
could  also  be  thus  supplied  within  easy  reach  of  the  points  where  they 
would  be  needed. 

Eucalyptus  rudis. 

Characteristics. — The  trees  of  this  species  are  commonly  of  medium 
size,  the  usual  height  being  50  to  75  feet.  Near  Fresno,  Cal.,  a  grove 
fifteen  years  of  age  contains  trees  70  to  80  feet  high  and  18  to  2-t  inches 
in  diameter.  (Pis.  XLII,  XLIII.)  The  trees  differ  in  habit,  most 
being  erect  and  stately,  while  occasionally  others  have  drooping  stems 
and  branches.  The  young  trees  are  vigorous  and  rapid  growers, 
attaining  in  America  half  the  maximum  height  reported  for  them 
from  Australia  in  four  or  five  years.  The  grayish  bark  of  the  trunk  is 
usually  rough  and  persistent,  but  sometimes  flakes  off,  leaving  the 
trunk  smooth.  The  leaves  of  the  j'oung  trees  are  oblong,  or  sometimes 
roundish,  often  with  a  deep  red  or  bronze  hue.  (See  Pis.  LXXXIV,  a; 
LXXXIX,  A.)  As  the  tree  grows  older  the  new  leaves  are  longer 
and  thinnish,  finally  being  lance-shaped  or  curved.  (See  Pis.  LXXV, 
LXXVI.)  The  flowers  are  about  medium  size,  in  clusters  of  3  to  8, 
on  rather  slender  stalks.  The  covering  of  the  flower  buds  is  conical. 
The  seed  cases  are  cup-shaped,  with  prominent  protruding  valves. 

Climatic  requirements. — If  supplied  with  sufficient  water  the  tree 
will  thrive  in  quite  a  variety  of  climates.  In  Australia  it  grows 
naturally  along  or  near  streams.  In  the  Southwest  it  thrives  near  the 
coast,  on  dry  mesas,  and  in  the  hot  valleys  of  the  interior.  At  Phoenix, 
Ariz.,  one  tree  has  attained  a  height  of  30  feet  and  a  diameter  of  6 
inches  in  three  j^ears,  being  unaffected  by  either  the  heat  of  summer 
or  the  cold  of  winter.  In  the  Southwest  the  tree  has  proven  to  be 
remarkably  hardy  to  heat  and  cold,  enduring  without  injury  minimum 
temperatures  of  15°  to  18°  F.  and  maximum  temperatures  of  110°  to 
118°  F. 

Uses. — Few  reports  on  the  character  of  the  timber  and  its  uses  in 
Australia  are  available,  and  the  tree  has  not  been  grown  extensivelj^ 
enough  m  America  to  obtain  data  on  the  subject  here.     In  regions 


PKINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GROWN    IN    AMERICA.        79 

where  less  hardy  species  can  not  be  grown  the  species  will  be  useful 
for  shade,  for  wind-breaks,  for  fuel,  and  for  hone}-.  It  ma}'  also 
prove  useful  for  posts. 

Eucalyptus  saligTia. 

Characteristics. — A  loft}',  straight- stennnod  tree,  the  usual  height 
in  Australia  being  100  to  200  feet  and  the  diameter  3  to  6  feet.  No 
large  trees  of  this  species  are  known  to  exist  in  America,  and  those 
that  have  been  set  have  not  given  promise  of  attaining  great  size.  The 
bark  of  the  trunk  is  grayish  in  color,  and  is  rendered  nearly  smooth 
by  the  gradual  flaking  ofl'  of  the  outer  layers.  The  leaves  are  lance- 
shaped,  somewhat  curved,  and  long-pointed,  the  lower  side  being  paler 
than  the  upper.  The  flowers  are  of  medium  size,  nearly  stemless,  in 
clusters  of  4  to  8,  on  a  much-flattened  stalk.  The  covering  of  the 
unopened  flower  buds  is  nearly  cone-shaped.  The  seed  cases  are  com- 
monly bell-shaped,  with  protruding  valves. 

Climatic  requirements. — This  species  has  not  l)een  ])lantcd  exten- 
sively enough  in  America  for  its  relation  to  climate  to  be  established. 
Very  few^  of  the  trees  that  had  been  planted  survived  the  drought  of 
1897-1900  in  the  Southwest.  In  Australia  this  species  is  confined  to 
the  warmer  coast  regions;  hence  it  could  not  be  expected  to  endure 
very  severe  conditions  in  America. 

Uses. — In  Australia  this  tree  is  one  of  the  important  sources  of  lum- 
ber. The  timber  is  reported  to  have  great  strength  and  durability. 
It  is  used  for  piles,  for  large  beams,  for  railway  ties,  and  for  other 
purposes  where  strength  and  durability  are  important.  The  wood  is 
a  pale,  reddish  color,  is  straight-grained,  and  is  easily  worked.  It  is 
said  by  Mr.  Maiden  to  be  a  favorite  with  carpenters,  who  use  it  for  a 
great  variety  of  building  purposes.  It  is  also  used  by  shipwrights 
and  by  wheelwrights. 

Eucalyptus  siderophloia. 

Broad-i.eafei)  Ikoxbakk. 

Characteristics. — The  trees  of  this  species  attain  in  Australia  a 
height  of  100  feet  or  more,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of  8  to  4  feet;  and  in 
the  Southwest  they  give  promise  of  growing  to  a  fair  size.  As  of 
other  Ironbark  Eucalypts,  the  bark  is  persistent  and  rough,  with  (juite 
deep  Assures,  It  is  of  a  rusty  color  and  somewhat  flaky.  (See  PI. 
XLIV.)  The  leaves  are  large  and  broad,  usually  rather  thick,  often 
much  curved,  and  are  of  a))out  the  same  color  on  th(>  two  sides.  (See 
PI.  LXXXIII,  A.)  The  flowers  are  of  about  medium  size,  in  clusters 
of  2  to  8  on  more  or  less  angled  stalks.  The  clusters  grow  either  singly 
or  in  groups  of  2  to  8,  mainly  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs.  (Sec  PI. 
LXXVII.)  The  long  covering  of  the  flower-bud  is  conical  and  sharp 
pointed.     The  seed  cases  with  their  stems  are  goblet-shaped. 


80  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Climatic  requirements. — This  species  grows  fairl_y  well  in  quite  a 
variety  of  situations  in  the  coast  region  of  California,  but  will  not 
thrive  in  the  dry,  hot  valleys  of  the  interior.  It  will  endure  minimum 
temperatures  of  18°  to  20°  F,,  and  maximum  temperatures  of  110°  to 
112°  F.,  but  it  makes  very  slow  growth  under  such  trying  conditions. 

Uses. — The  timber  of  the  Broad-leafed  Ironbark,  as  of  other  Iron- 
barks,  is  strong  and  durable.  It  is  used  for  bridge  building,  for  posts, 
sleepers,  railwav  ties,  and  for  other  similar  purposes  where  strength 
and  durability  are  desired.     It  makes  a  fair  fuel,  burning  very  slowly. 

Eucalyptus  sideroxylon. 
Bed  Ironbark. 

Characteristics. — The  Red  Ironbark  is  a  tree  of  medium  to  large 
size.  It  usuallv  grows  erect,  with  an  even  trunk,  having  numerous 
side  branches,  especially^  towards  the  top.  It  never  grows  to  a  great 
height.  The  bark  is  the  hardest  and  darkest  of  the  Ironbarks,  the 
color  usually  being  a  dark  red  or  brown.  It  is  furrowed  and  cracked, 
and  studded  with  beads  of  the  kino  that  exudes  from  it.  The  whole 
appearance  of  the  tree,  with  its  rough,  dark  bark,  its  silvery,  narrow 
leaves,  and  daintily  colored  flowers  is  quite  distinctive,  contrasting 
strongly  with  the  smooth-barked,  broader-leafed  species  of  the  genus. 
(PI.  XLV.)  The  wood  is  a  dark  red,  and  is  very  hard  and  heav}". 
The  leaves  are  narrowly  lance-shaped,  often  curved,  and  usually  have 
a  more  or  less  evident  silvery  surface,  the  leaves  of  the  seedlings  being 
very  similar  to  those  of  the  adult  tree.  (See  PI.  LXXXVI,  b.)  The 
flowers  are  somewhat  above  medium  size,  in  clusters  of  3  to  8.  In 
color  they  vary  from  a  light  pink  to  scarlet.  The  covering  of  the 
flower-bud  is  cone-shaped,  often  sharp-pointed.  The  seed  cases  are 
nearly  cup-shaped.     (See  PI.  LXXVIII.) 

Climatic  requireinents. — In  Austi-alia  the  Red  Ironl)ark  is  most 
abundant  on  the  stony,  sterile  portions  of  gold-producing  districts, 
enduring  considerable  drought  and  heat.  In  California  it  thrives  in> 
dry  soil  near  the  coast,  and  on  the  plains  and  hillsides  of  many  of  the 
interior  valleys.  It  endures  minimum  temperatures  of  16°  to  20°  F. , 
and  maximum  temperatures  of  110°  to  112°  F.,  but  makes  a  very  slow 
and  indifferent  growth  under  such  conditions.  It  has  proven  to  be 
entirely  unsuited  to  the  hot,  interior  valleys  of  California  and  Arizona. 

Uses. — The  Red  Ironbark  is  one  of  the  very  useful  Eucalj^pts. 
While  the  timber  is  not  prized  as  highly  in  Australia  as  that  of  other 
Ironbarks,  it  is  nevertheless  valuable  for  many  purposes.  Its  princi- 
pal uses  are  for  bridge  construction,  for  railway  ties,  for  girders  and 
large  beams  in  buildings,  for  joists,  for  posts,  for  the  hubs,  spokes, 
and  shafts  of  vehicles,  and  for  a  great  variety  of  other  purposes  where 
strength  and  durabilit}^  are  required.     On  account  of  its  shape  and 


Bui.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U,  S.  Dept.  of  Agrlcultur 


Plate  LXXV. 


Eucalyptus  rudis.    Tree  12  years  uld. 


Bui.  35-  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculturi 


Plate  LXXVI. 


Eucalyptus  rudis.    Tree.  6  years  old. 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S   Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


PLATE    LXXVII. 


Eucalyptus  siderophloia. 


35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dcpt   of  Agriculture. 


Plate  LXXVIII. 


Eucalyptus  sideroxylon. 


j|.  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  LXXIX. 


Eucalyptus  ^e; 


Jul,  35,  Bureau  of   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricuitu 


Plate  LXXX. 


Eucalyptus  viminalis 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricuitu 


Plate  LXXXI. 


Eucalyptus  caloph 


Eucalyptus  cohymbosa. 


D.      Eucalyptus  citriodora. 


EucALYPT  Seedlings. 


35,  Bureau  nf   Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricul' 


Plate  LXXXII. 


vv) 


<^)f^^ 


A.      Eucalyptus  coriacea. 


B.      Eucalyptus  eugenioides. 


C.         EUCAL>i:TL  -     OCCIOE 


EucALYPT  Seedlings. 


PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GROWN    IN    AMERICA.       81 

attractive  aspect,  it  makes  a  desirable  shade  tree  for  main'  situations. 
As  a  wind-break  it  is  also  serviceable,  and  is  a  valuable  source  of 
hone}'.  As  a  forest  cover  for  situations  too  stony  and  sterile  for  the 
faster-growing'  species,  it  has  considerable  value.  Railwa}'  companies 
would  do  well  to  consider  the  planting  of  this  tree  along  portions  of 
their  lines  running  through  moderately  warm,  dry  regions,  for  the 
production  of  timber  for  bridges  and  track  repairs. 

Eucalyptus  stuartiana. 

ApPLE-SCEXTED    ErCALYPT. 

Ohararf eristics. — The  trees  of  this  species  never  attain  a  very  great 
size,  but  they  make  a  comparatively  rapid  growth  during  the  tirst 
ten  years,  in  some  cases  reaching  a  trunk  diameter  of  1  foot  and  a 
height  of  30  to  40  feet  during  that  period.  The  tree  usualh'  grows 
quite  erect,  with  a  somewhat  stocky  appearance.  The  bark  of  the 
trunk  and  main  branches  is  rough  and  more  or  less  fibrous.  It  is  of  a 
gra^'ish  brown  color  outside  and  is  salmon  colored  next  the  wood. 
The  leaves  of  the  young  seedlings  and  of  young  suckers  are  opposite 
on  the  stem,  and  roundish  or  lance-shaped,  usually  having  a  distinct 
bloom  on  the  surface.  (See  PI.  LXXXIV,  c.)  The  later  leaves  are 
scattered,  lance-shaped,  or  sickle-shaped,  shiny,  and  eqvially  dark  green 
on  the  two  surfaces.  When  crushed  the}'  give  forth  a  pleasant  odor, 
somewhat  resembling  that  of  apples.  The  flowers  are  of  medium  size, 
usually  in  compact  clusters  of  3  to  8.  The  deciduous  covering  of  the 
flower  buds  is  cone-shaped.  The  seed  cases  are  rather  small,  and  are 
commonly  nearly  top-shaped. 

Clhnatic  requirements. — The  species  thrives  at  and  near  the  coast, 
but  does  not  do  well  in  the  dr}'.  hot  valleys  of  the  interior.  It  endures 
mininuuu  temperatures  of  10^  to  18^  F.,  and  it  therefore  may  be 
planted  in  higher  latitudes  and  at  greater  elevations  than  most  species. 

Uses. — Upon  account  of  its  resistance  to  frost,  this  Eucalypt  is  useful 
for  a  forest  cover,  for  windbreaks,  and  for  shade  in  ravines  and  on 
fairly  moist  hillsides  and  mountains  where,  on  account  of  too  heavy 
winter  frosts,  other  species  would  not  thrive.  The  tree  furnishes  a 
timber  that  is  hard,  but,  not  being  straight-grained,  is  somewhat  difii- 
cult  to  split.  It  is  useful  for  fence  posts  and  for  fuel.  According  to 
Baron  von  Mueller.it  is  employed  to  some  extent  for  furniture  manu- 
facture in  Australia. 

Eucalyptus  tereticornis. 

Forest  Red  Gim. 

Characteristics. — 1'he  tree  attains  a  good  size  under  favorable  con- 
ditions, but  it  is  commonly  not  much  above  100  feet  in  height  and  6 
feet  in  diameter  in  Australia.     In  the  Southwest  it  makes  quite  a  rapid 
2T7i:»— No.  35— 0:> (> 


82  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

growth  and  gives  promise  of  reaching  ftilh'  the  size  the  trees  do  in 
their  native  home.  AVhen  growing  near  together,  or  among  other 
trees,  they  are  usually  tall  and  straight,  with  even  trunks,  but  when 
growing  scattered  they  branch  more  and  are  more  stock3^  At  Mr. 
Cooper's  ranch  near  Santa  Barbara  their  rate  of  growth  has  been 
about  two-thirds  that  of  the  Blue  Gum,  the  fastest-growing  species. 
(PI.  XXV,  B.)  The  bark  is  commonly  smooth  and  grayish,  frequently 
flaking  off  in  thin  layers. 

The  leaves  of  the  3'oung  seedlings  are  broad,  with  very  short  stocks,' 
but  as  the  young  tree  increases  in  size  the  leaves  that  appear  are  more 
scattered,  longer  stalked,  and  more  slender.  (See  PI.  LXXXVIII,  c.) 
The  flowers  are  above  medium  size,  in  open  clusters  of  4  to  8  on  slen- 
der stalks.  The  deciduous  covering  of  the  full-grown  flower  bud  is 
long,  round,  and  usuall}^  abruptly  sharp-pointed,  the  specific  name — 
tei'etlcornk  (the  Latin  for  ''round-horned") — referring  to  this  charac- 
teristic shape.  The  seed  cases  are  usually  below  medium  size,  and  are 
top-shaped  or  goblet-shaped,  with  prominent  protruding  valves.  (PI. 
LXXIX.) 

Climatic  requirements. — The  species  thrives  under  quite  a  variety 
of  climatic  conditions.  It  grows  best  near  the  coast,  but  endures  the 
dr}^  heat  of  the  interior  vallej^s.  It  will  withstand  minimum  tempera- 
tures of  15'^  to  20°  F.,  and  maximum  temperatures  of  110^  to  112^  F. 
It  also  endures  drought  well. 

Uses. — The  trees  of  this  species  furnish  an  excellent  red-colored 
timber  that  is  ver}^  hard,  heavy,  and  durable.  It  is  used  for  general 
building  purposes,  for  ship  building,  for  wheelwright  work,  for  rail- 
way ties,  for  telegraph  poles,  posts,  fencing,  and  fuel,  its  characteris- 
tics and  uses  being  much  the  same  as  those  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata. 
B}^  some  the  timber  is  considered  more  durable  than  that  of  the  latter. 
Mr.  Maiden  reports  a  post  of  this  timber  that  remained  quite  sound 
for  fifty-five  years;  according  to  the  same  author,  Mr.  Howitt,  the 
eminent  authority  on  Victorian  trees,  places  E.  tereticornis  at  the  head 
of  all  commercial  timber  trees  of  that  colony. 

Eucalyptus  viminalis. 

Maxxa    (tI.M. 

Characteristics. — Both  in  Australia  and  in  the  Southwest  the  indi- 
viduals of  this  species  make  rapid  growth,  and  commonly  become  trees 
of  large  size.  Baron  von  jVIueller  states  that  they  sometimes  reach  a 
height  of  300  feet  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  15  to  30  feet.  Those  grow- 
ing in  the  Southwest  give  promise  of  eventually  attaining  dimensions 
approaching  the  above.  It  is  exceeded  in  rate  of  growth  by  the  Blue 
Gum  {EucalyjJtus  (jlohulus)  only.     At  Pasadena,  Cal.,  an  E.  viminalis 


PRINCIPAL    SPECIES    OF    EUCALYPTS    GROWN    IN    AMERICA.       83 

tree  24:  year.s  old  was  measured  that  had  a  circumference  of  16  feet 
(and  therefore  a  diameter  of  over  5  feet)  2  feet  from  the  ground, 
and  an  approximate  height  of  100  feet.  (Sec  Pis.  XLVl,  XLVIl, 
XLVIII,  XLIX.)  The  surface  of  the  bark  varies  consideralily  in 
appearance.  That  of  the  trunk  and  main  branches  is  commonly  per- 
sistent, but  from  some  trees  long-,  slender,  strips  are  shed,  leaving  the 
trunk  smooth  and  of  a  greenish  or  reddish  creamy  color.  The  per- 
sistent bark  is  brownish  in  color,  furrowed,  and  rough.  The  l)ark  of 
the  branches  in  nearly  all  cases  flakes  ofi",  leaving  them  smooth.  This 
tree  has  the  peculiar  characteristic  of  exuding  a  honey-like  su])stance, 
called  ''lerp"  by  the  natives,  but  better  known  as  ''manna,''  when 
the  bark  is  punctured  or  wounded  by  insects. 

The  small  branches,  which  are  reddish,  commonly  droop  considerabh^, 
sometimes  giving  the  tree  a  willow- like  appearance.  The  leaves  of  the 
young  plant  and  of  suckers  are  stemless,  slender  pointed,  with  broad 
bases,  and  placed  opposite  on  the  stem.  On  the  older  trees  the}'  are 
narrower,  pointed  at  each  end  and  set  on  stems.  According  to  Baron 
von  Mueller,  the  sap  of  the  leaves  is  rich  in  sugar,  there  l)eing  over  13 
per  cent  in  them  when  dry.  The  flowers  are  of  about  medium  size,  on 
rather  slender  stalks.  There  is  considerable  variation  in  the  number 
of  flowers  in  each  cluster.  On  some  trees  the  flowers  are  quite  uni- 
formly in  clusters  of  8,  but  on  others  they  are  in  clusters  of  8  to  7. 
This  variation  in  the  inflorescence  in  conjunction  with  the  variation  in 
bark  structure  makes  the  species  somewhat  difhcult  to  recognize.  The 
covering  of  the  flower  buds  is  approximately  cone-shaped,  usually  the 
.sha]K>  of  a  low,  broad  cone.  The  seed  cases  are  top-shaped,  or  nearly 
gl()l)ular,  the  valves  of  those  that  have  dropped  their  seeds  protruding 
conspicuously.     (See  PI.  LXXX.) 

Climatic  requirejnents.— This  Eucalypt  grows  under  quite  a  variety 
of  climatic  conditions.  In  the  Southwest  it  thrives  near  the  coast,  on 
dry  mesas,  in  the  elevated  valleys  of  the  interior,  and  in  the  hot  valleys 
of  much  of  the  desert  region.  It  endures  minimum  temperatures  of 
15-  to  20"  F.,and  maximum  temperatures  of  110"  to  115°  F.  Thrifty 
specimens  can  be  seen  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco,  Santa  Barbara, 
and  Los  Angeles,  ('al.,  at  Yuma,  Ariz.,  and  near  Phoenix,  Ariz.  (See 
Pis.  XLVII,  XLVIII,  and  XLIX.) 

fMt'.y. — The  timber  of  this  tree  is  less  valua])le  than  that  of  most 
Eucah'pts.  It  is  not  durable  underground  and  does  not  make  the  best 
of  fuel.  In  Australia  it  is  used  for  shingles  and  for  rough  l)uilding 
material.  The  tree  can  be  grown  for  a  forest  cover,  for  wind  ))reaks. 
for  fuel,  and  for  shade  in  many  localities  where  a  species  producing  a 
better  timber  can  not  be  grown;  but  there  are  probably  few  situations 
where  this  tree  can  be  grown  in  which  a  more  desirable  tree,  such  a& 
the  Red  Gum  {Eucalyjjtus  rodmta),  can  not  also  be  grown. 


84  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

GROUPING    OF   SPECIES    ACCORDING    TO   CHARACTERISTICS, 
CLIMATIC  ADAPTATIONS,  AND  USES. 

For  convenience  of  reference,  the  .species  discussed  in  the  preced- 
ing section  are  here  grouped  according  to  some  prominent  character- 
istic, climatic  requirement,  or  use.  It  is  hoped  that  this  grouping 
will  be  helpful  in  determining  the  name  of  a  tree  in  cases  of  ignorance 
or  doubt,  and  will  aid  planters  in  deciding  what  species  to  plant  in  a 
particular  locality,  or  for  any  special  use.  In  selecting  a  species  for 
a  particular  purpose,  it  will,  of  course,  be  necessary  to  take  into  con- 
sideration as  well  what  species  would  be  likely  to  thrive  in  the  locality 
where  the  planting  is  to  be  done. 

CHARACTERISTICS. 


Bark  commonly  smooth  (''Gum  trees'''):  J^uealyj)tys  cifriod(im,  E. 
coi'lacea^  E.  corynocaly.r^  E.  rosirata,  E.  saligna^  and  ^.  tereticornis. 

Besides  the  above,  some  individuals  of  several  species  have  smooth 
bark,  even  when  well  grown;  and  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  the  seed- 
lings of  all  species  have  smooth  bark,  and  that  on  some  species  the 
bark  remains  smooth  several  years  longer  than  on  others. 

Some  forms  of  E.  amygdalina^  E.  occidentalism  and  E.  viminalis  have 
quite  smooth  bark;  and  the  bark  of  E.  hotry aides  and  E.  r?«c?/s  remains 
smooth  until  the  trees  are  several  j^ears  old. 

Bark  distinctl}^  fibrous  ("  Stringy  barks"):  Eucaly2)tus  eugenioides, 
E.  uiaci'(/rhynch<(,  E.  ohliqua^  and  E.  jjijperita.  The  bark  of  the  fore- 
going resembles  quite  closely  that  of  American  cedars. 

Bark  scalj^  and  furrowed  ("Box  trees"):  Eucalyptus  calophylla^  E. 
cornuta^  E.  corymhosa^  E.  goniocalyx^  E.  gom/phocephala^  E.  hemi^Jdoia^ 
E.  longifolia^  E.  microtheca^  E.  j^olyanthema^  E.  popidifolia,  and  E. 
sttiartiana.  The  bark  of  those  designated  as  "Box  trees"  resembles 
considerabh"  that  of  American  ashes  or  maples.  Besides  this  similarity 
of  bark,  most  of  the  trees  known  b}^  the  above  name  in  Australia  have 
close  wood  of  interlocked  libers. 

Bark  hard  and  deeply  fissured  ("'Ironbarks"):  Eitcalyi?tus  crebra.  E. 
jjanicidata^  E.  sideropJdoiam  and  E.  sideroxylon.  The  tvpical  "Iron- 
bark"  of  the  four  is  the  last  species  named,  the  bark  of  the  others 
being  less  pronounced  as  to  hardness  and  unevenness. 


Leaves  of  seedlings  opposite  and  stemless  or  short  stemmed:  Euca- 
ly2)tiis  coriacea,  E.  eugenioides^  E.  glohulus^  E.  goniocalyx^  E.  leu- 
cogcylon^  E.  macrorhyncha^  E.  stuartiana,  and  E.  viminalis.  Seedlings 
of  the  above  species  are  quite  marked  in  appearance,  and,  though 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  LXXXIII. 


Eucalyptus   6IDER0PHL0IA. 


Eucalyptus  diversicolor. 


C.      Eucalyptus  globulus 


D.      Eucalyptus  gomphocephala. 


EucAUYPT  Seedlings. 


3ul,  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Ae;riculture. 


A.      Eucalyptus  rudis.  B.      Eucalyptus  goniocalyx 


i. 


^^ 


■H 


^ 


D.      Eucalyptus  gunnii 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultur 


Plate  LXXXV. 


Eucalyptus  pamculat, 


EUCALVPTUS     HAEMASTOMA. 


C.      Eucalyptus  hemiphloia. 


D.      Eucalyptus  crebra. 


EucALYPT  Seedlings. 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculiun 


Plate  LXXXVI. 


t  of  the  similarity  of  the  (lowers  ami  seed 


EUCALVPTUS    SIDEROXYLON. 

these  two  speeies  were  confusiM]  in  herl)aria  for  many  years. 


V 

d 

C.      Eucalyptus  ROBUi 


D.      Eucalyptus  longifolia. 


EucALYPT  Seedlings. 


GROUPING    OF    SPECIES.  85 

agreeing  in  one  characteristic,  differ  considerably  among  themselves 
in  other  respects,  especially  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves.  None  of  these 
species  have  permanently  opposite  or  stemless  leaves. 

Leaves  of  seedlings  hairy :  Eucalyptus  calophylla,  E.  citriodora,  E. 
coriacea^  E.  eugenioides,  E.  macrorhyncha,  and  E.  2)anicidata. 

Leaves  permanently  horizontal,  darker  above  than  below:  Eucalyp- 
tus hotryoides,  E.  caloi?hylla^  H.  corymhosa^  E.  diversicolor,  E.  resini- 
fera^  E.  rohusta,  and  E.  saligna.  The  foregoing  species  being  all  indig- 
enous to  the  moister  regions  of  Australia,  the  characteristic  placing 
of  the  leaves  vertically  is  not  necessary.  A  few  species,  including 
E.  corynocalyx,  E.  diversicolor ,  E.  pihdaris,  and  E.  punctata,  while 
not  having  their  leaves  so  distinctly  permanently  horizontal,  have 
leaves  with  the  two  surfaces  more  or  unless  unlike. 

FLOWERS   AND    SEED    CASES. 

Flowers  coumionly  in  threes:  Eucalyptus  leuco.ryloii,  E.  longlfolia^ 
E.  lu'miiudis. 

Flower  clusters  borne  on  a  distinctly  flattened  stalk:  Eucalyptus 
hotryoides,  E.  gomphocephala^  E.  goniocalyx,  E.  occidentalism  E.  punc- 
tata, E.  resinlf era,  and  E.  saligna. 

Flower-bud  covering  long  and  prominent:  Eucalyptus  cornuta,  E. 
marginata,  E.  occidentalis,  E.  sideropJdoia,  and  E.  tereticornis. 

Seed  cases  large  (one-half  inch  to  li  inches  in  diameter):  Eucalyptus 
calop>hylla,  E.  corymlosa,  E.  globulus,  E.  gomplwcepjhala,  E.  longifolia, 
E.  marginata,  and  E.  rohnsta. 

Seed  cases  very  small  (one-tenth  to  one-sixth  inch  in  diameter): 
Eucalyptus  crehra,  E.  micvotheca,  E.  pohjanthema,  and  E.  populifoUa. 

CLIMATIC  ADAPTATION. 

In  the  following  paragraphs  an  attempt  is  made  to  list  species  espe- 
cially adapted  to  various  climatic  situations.  It  is  not  claimed  that  all 
that  may  l)e  grown  successfully  in  any  one  region  are  listed,  but  it  is 
thought  that  the  more  promising  ones  are  included. 

Adapted  to  hot,  humid  regions:  Eucalyptus  lotryoldes,  E.  calophyUa, 
E.  citriodora,  E.  cornuta,  E.  marginata,  and  E.  resinifera.  Of  the 
above,  E.  hotryoides,  E.  citriodoi'a,  and  E.  resinifera  are  the  most 
likely  to  thrive  in  America  and  to  produce  useful  timber. 

Adapted  to  warm,  moderately  humid  regions  having  light  winter 
frosts:  Eucalyptus  amygdalina,  E.  hotryoides,  E.  cornuta,  E.  corym- 
losa,  E.  corynocalyx,  E  crehra,  E.  diversicolor,  E.  globulus,  E.  gompho- 
cephala,  E.  goniocalyx,  E.  occidentalis,  E.  rohusta,  E.  rostrata,  E.  rudis, 
E.  sideroxylon,  E.  tereticornis,  and  E.  viminalis.  Of  the  foregoing,  E. 
hotryoides,  E.  diversicolor,  E.  glohidus,  E.  gomphocephala,  and  E.  tereti- 
cornis seem  best  adapted  to  American  climatic  conditions,  and  most 
suitable  for  producing  timber  valuable  for  commercial  purposes. 


86  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Adapted  to  situations  not  excessively  warm  during  summer,  but 
frostj^  during  winter:  Eucalyjptxis  amygdalina,  E.  crehra^  E.  eugeni- 
oides^  E.  gimnii,  E.  onacrorhyncha,  E.  oUlqua^  E.  leucoxylon^  E. 
jnperita^  E. polyanthema^  E.  rostrata^  E.  i-udls^  E.  saligna,  E.  stuart- 
iana,  and  E.  tereticornis.  Of  these  species  E.  gunnil,  E.  leucoacylon^ 
E.  polyanthema^  E.  rudis,  and  E.  tereticm'nis  will  be  most  likely  to 
give  good  results  in  the  Southwest. 

Adapted  to  dry  regions  free  from  hea\'y  frosts:  Etiealyptus  eoryno- 
calyx,  E.  creh^a,  E.  diversicolo7\  E.  glohulus,  E.  gomphocephala^  E. 
goniocalyic^  E.  leucoxylmi^  E.  longifoUa^  E.  pilularis,  E. polyanthema^ 
E.  rostrata^  E.  rifdis,  E.  sideroxylon^  E.  tereticornis ^SindiE.  viminalis. 
Of  the  foregoing  species  E.  corynocalyx,  E.  crehra,  E.  diversicolor^  E. 
glohidiis^  E.lencoxylon,  E.  polyantherna^  E.  sideroxyJon,  and  E.  tere- 
ticornis should  give  the  best  results  in  America  and  produce  the  most 
valuable  timl^er. 

Adapted  to  moderatelv  moist  mountain  situations:  Euccdyj}tus cori- 
acea^  E.  eugenioides,  E.  gimnii^  E.  leiicoxylon,  E.  obliquely  E.  p>ip>erita^ 
E.  rudis^  and  E.  stuartiana. 

Adapted  to  regions  dr}^  and  hot  during  summer  and  frosty  during 
winter:  Eucalyptus  coryiiocalyx,  E.  hemiphloia^  E.  leucoxylon^  E. 
laicrotlieca^  E.  2>olyantherMi^  E.  rudis^  E.  tereticornis^  and  E.  viminalis. 

Adapted  to  cultivation  on  alkali  soils:  Eucalyptus  cornuta.  E. 
7'ohusta.,  and  E.  rostrata. 

USES. 

An  attempt  is  made  in  the  following  pages  to  group  the  species  of 
Eucalypts  growing  and  fruiting  in  America  according  to  the  useful 
purposes  for  which  they  may  be  raised.  It  is  not  probable  that  all 
the  species  useful  for  any  given  purpose  are  included  under  the 
respective  headings,  but  it  is  hoped  that  the  most  desirable  ones  have 
been  noted.  In  selecting  a  species  to  grow  for  any  given  purpose,  the 
question  must  be  raised  and  answered  as  to  whether  it  Avill  be  likely 
to  thrive  in  the  region  where  it  is  to  be  planted. 

Useful  for  forest  cover:  (1)  For  mountains:  Eucalyptus  coriacea, 
E.  eugenioides^i  E.  gimnii.,  E.  leucoxylon.,  E.  macrorhynclia,  E.  obliqua., 
E.  piperita.,  and  E.  stuartiana.  (2)  For  plains  and  hills:  E.  cornuta^ 
E.  corynocalyx.,  E.  crebra,  E.  diver sicolor^  E.  globulus.,  E.  leucoxylon., 
E.  rostrata.,  E.  rudis^  E.  sideroxylmi.,  E.  tereticornis.,  and  E.  viminalis. 
(3)  For  lowlands:  E.  hoiryoides,  E.  citriodmm.,  E.  globulus,  and  E. 
robusta-  (4)  For  deserts:  E.  corynocalyx.,  E.Tie'mip>hloia.,E.  leucoxylon, 
E.  ndcrotheca,  E.  polyantUema,  E.  tereticornis .,  and  E.  viminalis. 

Useful  for  wind-breaks:  Eucalyjytus  cornuta,  E.  globulus,  E.  leuco- 
xylon, E.  poly  anthema,  E.  rostrata,  E.  rudis,  E.  sideroxylon,  E.  tereti- 
cornis, and  E.  viminalis. 

Since  rapidity  of  growth  is  an  important  factor  to  be  considered  in 


GROin'lNG    OF    SPECIES. 


87 


setting  a  wind-break,  Eucalyjjtm  glohvlas,  E.  rudis,  and  E.  mminalis 
would  be  the  most  satisfactory  ones  of  the  above  list.  One  of  the 
three  can  be  grown  in  most  situations  where  a  wind-break  would  be 

desired. 

Useful  for  shade:  Eueah/ptushot7'y aides,  E.  cornuta,  E.  corynocalyx, 
E.  diversicol(y>\  E.  globidus,  E.  hemiphloia,  E.  leucoxylon,  E.  mellio- 
dora,  E.  polyanthema,  E.  rohwia,  E.  rudl^,  and  E.  vlminalh.  As 
there  are  few  situations  in  the  settled  portions  of  the  Southwest  where 
one  or  more  of  the  above  will  not  grow,  settlers  may  all  have  the 
pleasure  of  the  shades  of  an  evergreen  wherever  they  may  be  located 
in  that  part  of  the  United  States. 

Useful  for  fuel:  Eucalyptus  lotryoides,  E.  coriacea,  E.  corynocalyx, 
E.  diversicolor,  E.  macrorhyncha,  E.  inelliodora,  E.  ohliqua,  E.  occi- 
dentalism E.  polyanthema,  E.  reslnifera,  E.  mstrata,  E.  stnartiana,  and 
E.  tereticornis. 

Useful  for  posts,  railway  ties,  and  other  underground  purposes: 
Eucalyptus  lotryoldes,  E.  corymhosa,  E.  corynocahj,v,  E.  crehm,  E. 
eugenioides,  E.  gonlocalyx,  E.  hemipldoia,  E.  longifolla,  E.  melUodm^a, 
E  microtheca,  E.  paniculata,  E.  pilidaris^  E.  jjolyanthema,  E.  punc- 
tata, E.  resmifera,  E.  rohusta,  E.  rostrata,  E  rudis,  E.  sideropMoia, 
E.  sideroxylon,  E.  stuartiana,  and  E.  tereticornis. 

Judging  from  inquiries  received  by  the  writer  and  from  statements 
made  by ''farmers,  there  are  few  more  important  purposes  that  the 
Eucalypts  are  likely  to  serve  than  that  of  furnishing  fence  posts. 
From  the  above  list  one  or  more  can  be  selected  that  will  thrive  in 
most  of  the  various  situations  in  the  Southwest,  as  a  reference  to  the 
grouping  according  to  climatic  adaptations  will  show.  Probably  the 
most  generallv  useful  of  the  list  for  posts  is  the  Sugar  Gum  {Eucalyptus 
corynwaly.r).  '  It  thrives  in  most  situations  in  the  Southwest;  makes  a 
fairly  rapid  growth;  has  a  straight,  even  stem,  especially  when  grown 
in  blocks;  and  furnishes  material  for  very  durable  posts.  The  Forest 
Red  Gum  {E.  tereticornis)  gives  promise  of  proving  nearly  as  useful 
for  the  above  purposes. 

Useful  for  piles:  Eucalyptus  cltrlvdora,  E.  gh>hulux,  E.  hernlphloia, 
E.  marglnata,  E.  resmifera,  and  E.  rostrata. 

Useful  for  street  paving:  Eucalyptus  cltrlodora,  E.  corymhosa, 
E.  lonqlfolla,  E.  pilularls,  E.  reslnlfera,  and  E.  rostrata. 

Useful  for  telegraph  poles:  Eucalyptus  cltrlodora,  E.  pllulans, 
E.  rostrata,  and  E.  tereticornis. 

Useful  forshipVmilding:  Enndypfusdlverslcolor,  E.  globulus,  E.  pilu- 

larls,  E.  rostrata,  E.  slderojMola,  E.  slderoxylon,  and  E.  tereticornis. 

Useful  for  vehicle  making:   Eucalyptus  lotryoides,  E.   citriodora, 

E.  cornuta,  E.  corynocalyx,  E.  diverslcolor,  E.  glohulus,  E.  goniocalyx, 

E.  hemlphlola,  E.  melllodora,  E.  polyantliema,  and  E.  punctata. 

Useful  for  agricultural  implements:  Eucalyptus  citriodora,  E.  cor- 


88  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

nuta^  E.  copynocalyx,  E.  diverslcoloi\  E.  glohulus,  E.  henuphJoia^ 
E.  pilularh^  E.  rostrata^  and  E.  tereticornis. 

Useful  for  furniture  and  cabinet  making:  Eucalyjytus  cifriodora^ 
E.  microtheca,  and  E.  resinifevd. 

Useful  as  a  source  of  oil:  Eucalyptus  amygdaltna^  E.  eugenioides^ 
E.  globulus,  and  E.  rudis. 

Useful  as  a  source  of  kino:  Eucalyptus  ccdophylla^  E.  corymhosa, 
E.  rostrata^  E.  sideropJdoia,  and  E.  sideroxylon. 

Useful  as  a  source  of  honey:  Eucalyptus  calophylla,  E.  citriodora,  E. 
corynocalyx^E.  hemiphloia^  E.  leucoxylon ,  E.  longifolia,  E.  melliodora^ 
E.  lyilularis^  E.  polyanthema^  E.  rostrata^  E.  rudls,  E.  sideroxyhm, 
and  E.  tereticornis. 


PART    IV. 

IDENTIFICATION  OF  EUCALYPTS. 

Most  of  the  seedling-  Eueiilypts  planted  in  the  Southwest  were  not 
labeled  when  set  out,  and  the  identity  of  the  adult  trees  thus  usually 
became  a  matter  of  uncertainty.  The  identification  of  a  particular 
Eucalypt  tree  is  often  of  great  importance.  It  may  be  one  that  is 
thriving-  in  the  situation  in  which  it  is  growing,  but  unless  its  name  be 
ascertained  its  value  as  a  timber  tree  can  not  be  known  without  ])'^tting 
the  wood  to  an  actual  test,  and  thus  destroying  the  tree.  Or  it  may  be 
known  to  he  a  desirable  tree  for  some  particular  purpose  or  purposes, 
but  the  tree  may  not  produce  fertile  seed  from  which  it  may  be  propa- 
gated. Moreover,  a  tree  might  thrive  and  produce  fertile  seed,  but 
without  a  knowledge  of  its  name  the  tree  could  not  ))e  written  about 
or  spoken  of  conveniently.  Without  knowing  its  name,  seed  or  plants 
of  the  same  species  could  not  well  be  ordered  by  one  desirous  of  obtain- 
ing them.  It  is  also  a  matter  of  considerable  interest  to  the  possessor 
of  Eucalypt  trees  to  be  able  to  establish  for  himself  the  identity  of 
each  of  them.  For  the  foregoing  and  for  other  reasons  the  identifi- 
cation of  individual  Eucalypts  is  a  matter  of  great  importance.  The 
more  thoroughly  the  tree  is  known  from  all  standpoints,  the  more 
rapidly  will  information  concerning  it  be  disseminated.  And  the 
better  the  merits  of  the  tree  are  understood,  the  more  widely  and 
extensively  will  it  be  planted. 

It  being  necessary  that  students  of  Eucalypts  pursue  a  more  system- 
atic method  of  identifying  specimens  of  the  geims  than  would  be  pos- 
sible through  the  use  of  the  preceding  pages,  the  following  treatment 
of  the  genus  from  a  botanical  standpoint  is  appended.  The  descrip- 
tions of  the  family  to  which  the  genus  Eucalyptus  l)elongs,  and  also 
the  description  of  the  genus  and  species  are  modified  from  thos(>  given 
in  the  works  of  Baron  von  Mueller,  Mr.  George  Bentham,  and  Mr.  J. 
H.  ^Maiden.  Descriptions  are  included  of  only  those  species  the  indi- 
viduals of  which  reach  at  least  50  feet  in  height  and  1  foot  in  diameter. 
Very  brief  descriptions  are  given  of  those  species  which  have  been 
discussed  more  fully  in  the  preceding  pages.  Somewhat  fuller  descrip- 
tions are  given  of  those  not  so  fully  treated  previously.  Brief  state- 
ments are  also  made  as  to  the  utility  of  these  latter  species.  What  are 
supposed  to  be  specimens  of  many  of  the  28  species  described  in  the 
botanical  part  only  of  this  publication  are  now  growing  in  the  South- 

89 


90  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

west.  Not  until  they  fruit,  however,  will  their  identity  be  fully  estab- 
lished. As  stated  before,  it  was  thought  best  to  discuss  in  detail  in 
the  preceding-  pages  only  those  species  that  have  been  positiveh' 
identified  in  the  Southwest  by  means  of  their  flowers  and  seed-cases, 
leaving  the  other  arboreal  species  to  be  mentioned  only  in  this 
botanical  section. 

SYSTEMATIC  POSITION  OF  THE  EUCALYPTI. 

The  Eucalypti  belong  to  the  family  Myrtacetv.  which  may  be  char- 
acterized as  follows: 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  usually  dotted;  flowers  regular  cr 
nearly  so.  Calyx-tube  grown  to  the  ovary  at  the  base  or  up  to  the  insertion  of  the 
stamens.  Petals  usually  as  many  as  calyx-lobes,  very  much  imbricateji  in  the  bud, 
the  external  one  sometimes  larger  than  the  others,  but  usually  all  nearly  equal  when 
expanded,  sometimes  all  concrete  and  falling  off  in  a  single  operculum,  or  rarely 
entirely  wanting.  Stamens  indefinite,  usually  numerous,  inserted  in  one  or  several 
rows  on  a  disk;  filaments  free  or  rarely  united  into  a  ring  or  tube  at  the  base,  or 
into  as  many  bundles  as  there  are  calyx-lobes;  anthers  2-celled,  versatile,  or  attached 
by  the  base,  the  cells  open  in  longitudinal  slits,  or  rarely  in  terminal  pores.  Ovary 
inclosed  in  the  calyx-tube,  sometimes  1-celled,  with  a  placenta  attached  to  the  base 
or  adnate  to  one  side;  more  frequently  2  or  more  celled,  with  the  placentas  in  the 
inner  angle  of  each  cell;  very  rarely  1-celled  with  2  parietal  placentas.  Style  simple, 
with  a  small  capitate  or  lobed  stigma.  Ovules  2  or  more  to  each  placenta,  in  2  or 
more  rows,  or  very  rarely  solitary.  Fruit  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube,  capsular  and 
opening  at  the  summit  in  as  many  valves  as  cells,  or  indihescent,  dry  and  1-seeded, 
or  succulent  and  indihescent.  Perfect  seeds  usually  very  few  or  solitary  in  each  cell, 
even  when  the  ovules  are  numerous,  or  rarely  numerous  and  perfect. 

The  familj^  is  divided  into  four  tribes,  the  Eucalypti  falling  into  the 
tribe  Leptospernife  (meaning  "small  seeds''),  the  chief  characteristic 
of  which  is  its  2  to  5  celled  ovar}'  opening  at  the  summit  bv  as  many 
valves  as  there  are  cells.  Of  the  genera  belonging  to  this  tribe,  the 
genus  Eucalyptus  is  by  far  the  largest,  including  al)out  150  known 
species.  This  genus  was  first  despribed  by  the  French  botanist 
L'Heritier  in  1788.  The  first  species  discovered  and  described  by  him 
was  Eucalyptus  obliqua. 

BOTANICAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  GENUS. 

Eucalyptus  L'Her. 

Evergreen  trees,  scattered  as  well  as  gregarious,  sometimes  of  enormous  height, 
some  dwarfed  shrubs,  present  in  all  parts  of  Australia  in  intratropic  lowlands,  in 
arid  desert  .sands,  and  in  alpine  situations,  occurring  more  scantily  in  New  Guinea,  in 
Timor,  and  very  rarely  in  the  Moluccas.  Mostly  of  rapid  growth,  flowering  occa- 
sionally at  a  very  early  age;  bark  either  completely  persistent  or  its  outer  layers 
deciduous;  matured  wood  always  hard;  main  branches  usually  distant;  foliage  often 
not  dense;  branches  frequently  pendent,  usually  (juite  glabrous,  sometimes  those  of 
young  plants  rough,  hairy.  Leaves  of  old  plants  usually  glabrous  and  thick  in  tex- 
ture, usually  scattered  and  with  conspicuous  stalks,  in  a  few  species  opposite,  and 
then  generally  without  stalks,  sometimes  united;  leaves  of  young  plants  frequently 
different  in  texture,  position,  and  shape  from  those  of  older  plants;  the  latter  gener- 
ally appioaching  in  form  to  lanceolar-sickle-shaped,  the  upper  and  lower  surfaces 


35,  Bureau  ot  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultur 


Plate  LXXXVII. 


EUCAL'IPTUS     MELLIODORA. 


C.      Eucalyptus  obliqua. 


D.      Eucalyptus  pilularis. 


EucALYPT  Seedlings. 


35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agricultu 


Plate  LXXXVIII. 


X 


A.   Eucalyptus  resinifera. 


Eucalyptus  punctata. 


v^- 

y 

^ 

1 

^. 

1 

^ 

\ 

C.   Eucalyptus  tereticohms. 


D.   Eucalyptus  rostrata. 


EucALYPT  Seedlings. 


IDENTIFICATION    OF    EUCALYPT8.  91 

often  of  the  same  color  and  one  edge  of  the  leaf  being  turned  upward  and  the  other 
toward  the  ground;  much  less  frequently  considerably  darker  above  and  spreading 
horizontally;  oil  dots  pellucid  or  concealed;  peculiarly  and  strongly  odorous;  primary 
veins  often  numerous  and  much  spreading.  Inflorescence  either  axillary  or  terminal, 
or  more  rarely  both  modes  united;  flowers  in  single  or  paniculated  umbels,  rarely  in 
twos,  or  solitary;  umbel  stalks  and  flower  stalklets  commonly  present,  the  former 
sometimes  much  dilated;  umbels  while  very  young  inclosed  in  a  pair  of  fugacious  and 
sometimes  diminutive  bracts;  calyx  very  variable  in  size;  lid  often  provided  with  a 
minute  early  deciduous  accessory  outer  layer. 

Calyx  of  firm  texture  and  separated  into  a  lower  persistent  portion  and  a  deciduous 
lid.  Petals  none,  unless  represented  in  some  few  species  by  an  inner  membrane. 
Stamens  very  numerous,  inserted  close  to  the  edge  of  the  calyx  tube  in  several  rows, 
all  fertile  or  some  of  the  outer  by  absence  of  anthers  sterile,  always  finally  deciduous; 
filaments  thread-like,  pointed,  inflexed  while  in  bud.  or  the  outer  or  very  seldom 
all  filaments  straight  Ijefore  expansion;  anthers  dorsified,  their  two  cells  parallel  or 
divergent,  each  opening  by  a  marginal  or  anterior  slit  or  less  conunonly  by  a  pore. 
Style  long;  stigma  convex  or  almost  flat,  undivided,  seldom  much  dilated  beyond 
the  summit  of  the  style.  Ovary  2-  to  6-celled,  its  lower  portion  grown  to  the  calyx, 
its  upper  portion  more  or  less  free.  Ovules  in  each  cell  numerous,  the  majority 
remaining  unfertilized.  Cotyledons  broad,  much  compressed,  somewhat  folded, 
undivided  or  2-lobed,  curved  around  the  cylindrical  straight,  erect  radicle.  Fruits 
for  a  long  while  persistent,  form  very  small  in  some  species  to  re  iiarkably  large  in 
others,  oftener  smooth  than  streaked  or  ridged,  valves  always -glabrous,  very  rarely 
permanently  connected  by  the  persistent  base  of  the  style.  Seeds  long  retained  in 
the  persistent  fruit,  but  soon  shed  on  detachment  of  the  latter;  fertile  seeds  usually 
outside,  dark  brown;  sterile  seeds  mostly  pale  brown  and  smaller  than  the  others. 

DETERMINATION  OF  SPECIES. 

To  identify  the  species  of  so  large  a  genus  is  a  difficult  task.  The 
system  of  identification  adopted  below  is  based  on  the  structure  of  the 
anthers,  the  position  of  the  ^•alves,  the  shape  of  the  lid,  the  form  of 
inflorescence,  and  the  similarit}'  or  dissimilarity  of  the  two  leaf  sur- 
faces. The  first  thing  to  ascertain  about  a  Eucalypt  that  one  wishes 
to  identify  ))y  the  use  of  the  key  below  is  the  structure  of  the  anthers. 
This  can  usually  be  done  with  a  good  lens  by  examining  anthers  from 
buds  just  ready  to  open.  In  using  the  key,  the  second  thing  to  ascer- 
tain is  whether  the  valves  of  a  mature  seed  case  are  inclosed  within  it 
or  project  partly  or  wholly  from  the  mouth.  It  is  hoped  that  the 
accompanying  plates  will  aid  in  the  work  of  identification.  (Pis.  XC 
and  XCI.) 

It  must  be  understood  that  all  sjx'cimens  will  not  plainly  fall  into 
any  particular  subdivision  of  the  genus,  and  can  not  therefore  be 
readily  identified,  especially  by  a  beginner.  But  with  a  little  patience 
and  wider  experience  it  will  be  found  that  most  trees  can  be  identified 
by  the  use  of  the  keys  and  reference  to  the  descriptions  and  illustra- 
tions. When  a  specimen  has  been  traced  to  the  species  to  which  it  is 
thought  to  belong,  it  should  be  a.scertained  if  the  species  has  been 
treated  in  detail  earlier  in  the  publication.  If  so,  reference  to  the 
description  and  to  the  illustrations  of  the  species  in  question  will  aid 


92  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

in  vorifying  or  correcting  the  identitication.     The  descriptions  that 
follow  apply  to  adult  trees  only. 

ARTIFICIAL  KEY  TO  SPECIES. 

Anthers  broader  than  long,  usually  kidney-shaped,  and  opening  by  slits  that 

when  joined  are  nearly  horseshoe-shaped Renantherex 

Valves  completely  inclosed: 
Lid  hemispheric: 

Veins  running  longitudinally 1 

Veins  spreading  from  midrib: 

Leaves  of  adult  trees  mostly  opposite 3 

Leaves  of  adult  trees  alternate: 

Leaves  oblique,  broad 9 

Leaves  not  oblique,  narrow: 

Leaves  equally  green  above  and  below 2, 12 

Leaves  paler  beneath 8 

Lid  not  hemispheric: 

Leaves  equally  green  above  and  below 4,  5 

Leaves  paler  beneath 6,  7 

Valves  partly  exserted: 
Lid  hemispheric: 

Leaves  equally  green  above  and  below: 

Fruits  semiovate IS 

Fruits  urn-shaped 16 

Leaves  paler  beneath 14 

Lid  not  hemispheric 15 

Valves  completely  exserted: 

Lid  hemispheric 10 

Lid  sharp-pointed 11 

Anthers  not  or  hardly  broader  than  long,  opening  by  two  pores Poranthereie 

Valves  deeply  inclosed: 

Leaves  equally  green  above  and  below 23 

Leaves  paler  beneath 17 

Valves  completely  but  not  deeply  inclosed: 

Leaves  of  adult  trees  broad 21,  22 

Leaves  of  adult  trees  elongated: 

Umbels  paniculated 23 

Umbels  solitary : 

Flowers  in  threes 18 

Flowers  not  in  threes 19,  20 

Umbels  solitary  or  racemose 24 

Valves  barely  inclosed 25 

Anthers  as  long  as  or  longer  than  broad,  opening  by  nearly  parallel  slits 

Parallelantherea'. 
Valves  completely  inclosed: 
Umbels  solitary : 

Leaves  equally  green  above  and  below: 

Leaves  opposite 42 

Leaves  alternate : 

Flowers  mostly  in  threes 42, 62 

Flowers  3  to  8: 

Calyx  angled 62 

Calyx  not  distinctly  angled 32,  51 


IDENTIFICATION    OF    EUCALYPTS.  93 

Anthers  as  long  as  or  longer  than  broad,  etc. — Contmued. 
Valves  completely  inclosed — Continued. 
Umbels  solitary — Continued. 
Leaves  paler  beneath: 

Stalk  broadly  compressed 60,  61, 63 

Stalk  not  broadly  compressed: 

Lid  broader  than  calyx 38 

Lid  not  broader  than  calyx 33 

Umbels  paniculated: 

Leaves  equally  green  above  and  l)elow: 

Leaves  lemon-scented 40 

Leaves  not  lemon-scented ;)7,  39, 41 

Leaves  paler  beneath : 

Fruits  less  than  one-half  inch  in  length: 

Stalks  broadly  compi-essed 55 

Stalks  not  broadly  compressed 27 

Fruits  over  one-half  inch  in  length: 

Stalklets  short  or  none 35 

Stalklets  long 34,  36 

Valves  partly  exserted : 
L'mbels  solitary : 

Leaves  equally  green  above  and  below: 

Stalklets  broadly  compressed,  or  angular: 

Lid  acute 51,  55 

Lid  not  acute 56,  57 

Stalks  not  broadly  compressed : 

Fruits  large,  1  inch  in  diameter 67 

Fruits  small : 

Leaves  broad 44 

Leaves  narrow c 49, 53 

Leaves  paler  beneath: 

Lid  hemispheric 57 

Lid  i)ointed .• 59 

Umbels  paniculated : 

Stalk  broadly  compressed 59 

Stalk  not  broadly  compressed: 

Stalklets  thick  and  angular 30 

Stalklets  slender  anil  round 26 

Valves  completely  exserted: 
I'mhels  solitary: 

Leaves  equally  green  above  and  below: 

Lid  short,  below  one-fourth  inch  in  length : 

Lid  sharp-pointed 47 

Lid  blunt: 

Leaves  broad 44 

Leaves  slender: 

Valv^es  long  and  slender 31 

Valves  short: 

Flowers  in  threes 46,  52 

Flowers  more  than  3 45,  46 

Lid  long,  above  one-fourth  inch  in  diameter: 

Valves  coherent 64 

Valves  not  coherent 48, 54 


94  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Anthers  as  long  as  or  longer  than  broad,  etc. — Continued. 
Valves  completely  exserted — Continued. 
Umbels  solitary — Continued. 
Leaves  paler  beneath: 

Lid  broader  than  calyx 64 

Lid  not  broader  than  calyx 57,  58 

Umbels  paniculated : 

Leaves  equally  green  above  and  below 29 

Leaves  paler  beneath 28 

BOTANICAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  SPECIES. 

RENANTHERE/E. 

L  E.  coriaceaA.  Cunn.  Leaves  elongated,  thick,  shining,  equally  green  a1)ove 
and  below,  veined  longitudinally;  umbels  solitary,  lid  hemispheric;  fruits  truncate- 
ovate,  border  of  orifice  depressed,  valves  inclosed. 

2.  E.  amygdalina  Lab.  Leaves  thin,  equally  green  above  and  below;  veins  not 
much  spreading,  oil-dots  copious,  transparent;  umbels  solitary,  flowers  small,  lid 
almost  hemispheric;  fruits  truncate-ovate,  border  depressed,  valves  inclosed. 

3.  E.  risdoni  Hook.  Leaves,  sometimes  all,  even  on  the  flowering  branches, 
opposite,  ovate-cordate  and  more  or  less  connate,  or  sometimes  those  of  the  flower- 
ing branches  alternate, -broadly  lanceolate  and  falcate,  rather  thick,  with  oblique 
veins  scarcely  conspicuous,  the  intramarginal  one  at  a  distance  from  the  edge. 
Peduncles  axillary  or  lateral,  terete  or  angular,  bearing  each  an  umbel  of  4  to  8 
flowers.  Fruit  subglobose-truncate,  the  rim  rather  broad,  flat;  valves  inclosed. 
Bark  smooth,  coming  off  in  regular  patches,  varying  from  whitish  to  dark  brown. 

Adapted  to  cool,  moist  regions. 

4.  E.  stellulata  Sieb.  Leaves  small,  thick,  equally  green  above  and  below,  veined 
longitudinally;  umbels  solitary,  flowers  very  small,  numerous,  lid  semiovate-conical; 
fruits  truncate-globular,  border  depressed,  valves  inclosed.  Bark  rough,  scaly  and 
fibrous. 

Adapted  to  cool,  moist  regions. 

5.  E.  eugenioides  Sieb.  Leaves  equally  dark  green  above  and  below,  shining, 
very  inequilateral  at  the  base,  much  transparently  dotted;  umbels  mostly  solitary,  lid 
semiovate;  fruits  truncate-globular,  border  depressed,  valves  barely  fnclosed. 

6.  E.  piperita  Sm.  Leaves  less  shining  beneath,  with  many  transparent  dots; 
umbels  solitary,  lid  semiovate-conical;  fruits  truncate-ovate,  border  compressed, 
valves  inclosed. 

7.  E.  pilularis  DC.  Leaves  rather  less  shining  beneath;  umbels  mostly  axillary, 
their  stalks  compressed,  lid  semiovate-conical;  fruits  truncate-ovate,  border  depressed, 
valves  inclosed. 

8.  E.  acmenoides  Sch.  Leaves  paler  beneath;  umbels  mostly  axillary,  their 
stalks  slender,  lid  hemispheric,  pointed;  fruits  truncate-ovate,  border  compressed, 
valves  barely  inclosed.     Bark  rough,  persistent,  and  fibrous. 

Adapted  to  tropical  coast  regions.     Timber  valuable. 

9.  E.  obliqua  L'Her.  Leaves  equally  green  above  and  below,  shining,  very 
inequilateral  at  the  base;  umbels  solitary,  calyces  granular-rough,  lid  hemispheric; 
fruits  truncate-ovate,  border  compressed,  valves  inclosed. 

10.  E.  capitellata  Sm.  Leaves  thick,  elongated,  rather  less  shining  beneath, 
very  inequilateral  at  the  base;  umbels  axillary,  stalklets  none,  lid  hemispheric; 
fruits  semiovate  below,  border  broad,  convex,  emersed,  valves  much  exserted. 
Bark  stringy  and  persistent. 

Adapted  to  cool,  moist  regions.     Furnishes  a  valuable  timber. 


IDENTIFICATION    OF    EUCALYPTS.  95 

11.  E.  macrorhyncha  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  elongated,  equally  green  above  and 
below;  umbels  solitary;  calyx  lid  concavely  attenuated,  sharply  pointed;  fruits 
below  hemispheric,  border  convex,  emersed,  valves  much  exserted. 

12.  E.  haemastoma  DC.  Leaves  equally  green  above  and  below,  very  shining; 
umbels  solitary,  stalks  somewhat  compressed;  outer  stamens  sterile;  fruits  semiovate, 
border  depressed,  valves  very  short,  inclosed. 

18.  E.  sieberiana  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  elongated,  tliick,  pale,  erjualiy  green  above 
and  below,  shining;  veins  thin,  not  much  spreading;  umbels  solitary,  their  stalks 
compressed,  lid  hemispheric;  outer  stamens  sterile;  fruits  truncate-ovate,  border 
depressed,  valves  very  short,  barely  inclosed.     Bark  rough  and  persistent. 

Grows  to  an  elevation  of  4,000  feet  in  Australia.     Timber  valuable. 

14.  E.  microcorys  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  thin,  much  paler  beneath,  much  transpar- 
ently dotted,  veins  s})reading;  umbels  partly  paniculated,  stalklets  elongated,  lid  very 
small,  hemispheric;  outer  stamens  sterile;  fruits  hemiellipsoid,  border  compressed, 
valves  minute,  barely  inclosed.     Bark  rough  and  persistent. 

A  large  tree,  furnishing  a  hard,  durable  timber.  Adapted  to  moist  semitropic 
regions. 

15.  E.  marginata  Sm.  Leaves  paler  beneath,  veins  sjireading;  umbels  solitary, 
lid  conical;  outer  stamens  straight  in  bud;  fruits  globular-ovate,  truncate,  ])order 
compressed,  valveS  very  short,  barely  inclosed. 

16.  E.  baileyana  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  thin,  equally  green  above  and  below,  with 
many  transparent  dots;  umbels  mostly  solitary;  lid  hemispheric;  fruits  globular-urn 
shaped,  border  compressed,  valves  barely  inclosed.     Bark  fibrous  and  persistent. 

Does  quite  well  on  very  poor  sandy  ridges.     Wood  tough  and  durable. 

PORANTHERE.E. 

17.  E.  paniculata  Sm.  Leaves  rather  thin,  paler  beneath,  umbels  mostly  panicu- 
lated; lid  thin,  conical-semiovate;  outer  stamens  sterile;  anthers  truncated,  opening 
at  the  summit;  stigma  much  dilated;  fruit  semiovate,  border  of  orifice  compressed, 
valves  inclosed. 

18.  E.  leucoxylon  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  equally  dull  green  al)Ove  and  below;  ujnbels 
solitary,  mostly  three-flowered,  stalklets  elongated;  lid  semiovate  pointed;  outer 
stamens  sterile,  anthers  truncated,  opening  at  tlie  summit;  stigma  much  dilated; 
fruits  semiovate,  l)order  compressed,  valves  inclo.«ed. 

19.  E.  sideroxylon  A.  Cunn.  Leaves  equally  green  above  and  below,  narrow, 
often  glaucous;  umbels  solitary,  several-flowered,  stalklets  elongated;  lid  semiovate 
pointed;  anthers  truncate,  opening  at  the  summit;  fruits  semiovate,  valves  inclosed. 

20.  E.  melliodora  A.  Cunn.  Leavesequally  dull  green  above  and  below;  umbels 
solitary;  flowers  small;  lid  conic-hemispherical;  outer  stamens  sterile;  anthers  trun- 
cated, opening  at  the  summit;  stigma  nnich  dilated;  fruits  truncate-ovate,  border 
compressed,  valves  inclosed. 

21.  E.  polyanthema  Sch.  Leaves  broad,  equally  dull  green  above  and  below; 
umbels  paniculated;  lid  almost  hemispheric;  outer  stamens  sterile;  anthers  truncated, 
opening  at  the  summit;  fruit  truncate-ovate,  border  compressed,  valves  inclosed. 

22.  E.  populifolia  Hook.  Leaves  broad,  equally  green  above  and  below,  shining, 
long-stalked,  with  many  transparent  dots;  stalklets  very  short;  umbels  paniculated; 
lids  hemispheric;  fruit  small,  semiovate,  border  rather  depressed,  valves  close  to  the 
summit,  barely  inclo.sed. 

23.  E-  hemiphloia  F.  v.  ]\L  Leaves  thick,  elongated,  equally  green  above  and 
below;  umbels  jtaniculated;  calyces  somewhat  angular;  lid  semiovate-conical;  fruit 
hemiellipsoid,  Ixirder  compressed,  valves  inclosed. 


96  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

24.  E.  bosistoana  F.  v.  31.  Leaves  narrow,  equally  dull  green  above  and  below, 
copiously  dotted  with  translucent  oil  glandules,  lateral  veins  distant  and  much  diverg- 
ent, marginal  vein  distant  from  the  edge;  umbels  solitary  or  racemosely  arranged, 
few  flowered;  stalks  elongated,  generally  somewhat  compressed;  calyx  tube  slight 
angular;  lid  semiovate-hemispheric;  fruits  small,  nearly  semiovate,  valves  inclosed. 
Bark  rough  on  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk,  smooth  on  the  upper. 

Adapted  to  low  lands  in  fairly  humid  regions.     Timber  valuable. 

25.  E.  largiflorens  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  thin,  equally  dull  green  above  and  below-; 
umbels  paniculated;  lid  double,  the  inner  hemispheric,  less  wide  than  the  calyx 
tube;  outer  stamens  sometimes  sterile;  fruit  small;  lid  hemispheric-;  fruit  truncate- 
ovate,  border  rather  compressed,  valves  inclosed. 

PAEALLELANTHERE^. 

26.  E.  crebra  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  narrow,  thin,  equally  dull  green  above  and  below, 
veins  spreading;  umbels  mostly  paniculated;  flowers  small;  lids  semiovate-conical; 
stigma  dilated;  fruits  small,  semiovate,  border  compressed,  valves  short,  somewhat 
exserted.     Bark  rough  and  persistent. 

27.  E.  liowittiana  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  much  paler  beneath;  umbels  paniculated; 
stalklets  none;  flowers  very  small;  lid  conical,  acute,  pale;  fruits  minute,  truncate- 
globular,  Ijorder  compressed,  valves  inclosed.  Bark  rough,  somewhat  fibrous,  and 
persistent. 

Useful  as  a  shade  tree.     Wood  valuable.     Particularly  adapted  to  tropical  regions. 

28.  E.  raveretiana  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  thin,  somewhat  paler  beneath;  oil-dots  pel- 
lucid; umbels  paniculated;  lid  conical,  acute;  fruits  minute,  semiglobular  beneath, 
border  compressed,  valves  much  exserted.  Bark  usually  rendered  smooth  by  the 
peeling  off  of  the  outer  layer.     Tree  attains  a  gigantic  size. 

Promising  for  swampy  situations  in  tropics.     Wood  very  hard  and  durable. 

29.  E.  microtheca  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  equally  dull  and  pale  green;  umbels  panic- 
ulated; lid  semiovate;  fruits  small,  semiglobular  .beneath,  border  compressed,  valves 
much  exserted. 

30.  E.  siderophloia  Benth.  Leaves  elongated,  equally  green  above  and  below; 
umbels  partly  paniculated;  lid  conical,  very  acute;  outer  stamens  straight  in  bud; 
fruits  semiovate,  Ixjrder  compressed,  valves  somewhat  exserted. 

31.  E.  salmonopliloia  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  equally  green  above  and  below,  shining; 
oil-dots  numerous;  umbels  solitary;  stalks  slender,  stalklets  short;  lid  semiovate- 
conical;  outer  stamens  straight  in  bud;  fruit  small,  semiovate,  border  compressed, 
valves  long-pointed,  much  exserted.     Bark  smooth. 

Promising  for  dry  interior  valleys. 

32.  E.  patens  Benth.  Leaves  thin,  elongated,  almost  equally  dull  green  above 
and  below;  umbels  mostly  axillary;  lid  nearly  hemispheric;  fruits  truncate-ovate, 
somewhat  streaked,  border  compressed,  valves  inclosed.     Bark  rough  and  persistent. 

Timber  not  particularly  valuable. 

33.  E.  diversicolor  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  elongated,  much  paler  beneath;  umbels 
solitary;  lid  nearly  hemispheric;  fruits  truncate-ovate,  attenuated  at  the  base,  border 
compressed,  valves  inclosed. 

34.  E.  calophylla  R.  Br.  Leaves  broad,  acute,  much  paler  beneath,  veins  feather- 
spreading;  umbels  paniculated;  stalklets  elongated;  lid  patellar,  less  wide  than  the 
calyxtube,  tearing  off  alongan  irregular  suture;  fruits  large,  smooth,  ovate  urn-shaped; 
border  compressed,  valves  inclosed;  fertile  seeds,  terminating  in  a  large  membrane. 

35.  E.  aberg-iana  F.  v.  M.     Leaves  thick,  broadish,  acute,  much  paler  beneath; 


iu\    35,  Bureau  ot  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  LXXXI^. 


jl.  SS.  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XC. 


^ 


^ 


%      *.      ^ 


«.      ^ 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


17 


Eucalyptus  Fruits.    Natural  Size. 

1,  Eucalyptus  amvgdaliim;  2,  E.  eugenioides;  3,  E.  pipL-ritii:  4,  E.  piliilaris;  .5,  E.  obliqua;  6,  E. 
macTorhvncha;"  7,  E.  paniculata:  8.  E.  Unicoxvloii:  9,  E.  Mdenixylon:  10.  E.  melliodora:  11.  E. 
polvanthema;  12,  E.  popiilifolia:  13,  E.  liL-niiiihlni.i;  H.  K.  inicrothwa;  1.5,  E.  siderophloia:  IG, 
E.  crebra;  17,  E.  diversit-olor;  l.s.  K.  (•iiloi)livna:  I'.i.  K.  ((iryinhosi. 


Bui.  35,  Bureau  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  XCI. 


17 


\ 


10 


^     \ 


^      ^     ♦ 


^     >     ^    ^ 

.5  \ 


Eucalyptus  Fruits.    Natural  Size. 


16 


19 


1.  Eiiciilyptnscorynocrtlyx:  -2.  K.  citriddora;  :i,  K.  >lu:irtiaiiii;  ),  K.  viminalis;  5,  K.  roKtrata;  6,  E. 
tereticornis;  7,  E.  gnnnii;  N,  E.  riidis:  9,  E.  resinifera;  10,  E.  punctata;  11,  E.  botrvoides;  12,  E. 
goniocalyx;  13,  E.  robu.»<ta:  14.  E.  cornuta;  15.  E.  oocidentalis;  16,  E.  loiiKifolia;  17,  E.  Klnbulus; 
18,  E.  gomphopephala;  19,  E.  coriacea. 


IDENTIFICATION    OF    EUCALYPTS.  97 

veins  feathery-spreading;  umbels  paniculated;  stalklets  almost  none;  lid  hemispheric- 
tearing  off  along  an  irregular  suture;  fruits  large,  smooth,  ovate-urnshape,  border 
compressed,  valves  inclosed;  fertile  seeds  terminating  in  a  large  mem))rane.  Bark 
rough  and  persistent. 

A  large  tree,  jiromising  for  tropical  countries. 

36.  E.  corymbosa  Sm.  Leaves  thick,  broad  to  narrow  lanceolate,  nnich  jjaler 
beneath;  veins  feathery-spreading;  umbels  paniculated;  stalklets  elongated;  lid 
short,  tearing  off  along  an  irregular  suture;  fruits  rather  large,  smooth,  ovate-shaped, 
border  compressed,  valves  inclosed;  fertile  seeds  terminating  in  a  very  short 
membrane. 

37.  E.  tessellaris  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  narrow,  elongated,  equally  green  above  and 
below;  umbels  mostly  paniculated;  stalklets  very  short;  lid  patellar,  shining;  fruits 
truncate-ovate,  slightly  urceolar;  border  compressed,  valves  inclosed;  fertile  seeds 
almost  flat,  membraneous-margined.  Bark  rough  and  persistent  on  the  lower  i)art 
of  the  trunk;  remainder  of  trunk  smooth. 

Promising  for  hot,  dry  regions  free  from  frost. 

38.  E.  corynocalyx  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  shining,  somewhat  paler  beneath;  umbels 
mostly  solitary;  lid  almost  hemispheric,  slightly  overreaching  the  orifice  of  the  calyx; 
fruits  urnshaped-ellipsoid,  streaked;  border  compressed,  valves  inclosed. 

39.  E.  maculata  Hook.  Leaves  elongated,  equally  green  above  and  below;  veins 
feathery-spreading;  umbels  paniculated;  stalklets  short;  lid  double,  hemispheric,  the 
inner  thin,  shining;  fruit  truncate-ovate,  somewhat  urnshaped,  border  compressed, 
valves  inclosed.  Bark  smooth,  falling  off  in  i^atches  and  thus  giving  the  trunk  a 
spotted  appearance. 

Thrives  on  stony  ridges;  susceptible  to  frost;  wood  useful  for  paving. 

40.  E.  citriodora  Hook.  Leaves  long  and  narrow,  equally  shiny  green  above 
and  below,  veins  spreading;  umbels  paniculated;  stalklets  short;  lid  hemispheric; 
fruit  truncate-ovate,  somewhat  urn-shaped,  border  compressed,  valves  inclosed. 

41.  E.  eximia  Sch.  Leaves  thick,  elongated,  equally  green  above  and  below; 
umbels  paniculated;  stalklets  none;  lid  thin,  hemispheric,  shining,  imperfectly  dou- 
ble; fruit  rather  large,  truncate  ovate,  somewhat  urnshaped,  Iwrder  compressed, 
valves  inclosed;  fertile  seeds  large.     Bark  rough  and  persistent. 

A  medium-sized  tree  furnishing  good  fuel. 

42.  E.  cordata  Lab.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  mostly  cordate,  crenulated,  equally 
dull  green  above  and  below;  oil-glands  pellucid;  umbels  solitary;  stalklets  none; 
fruits  semiovate,  border  compressed,  at  the  edge  annular,  valves  barely  inclosed. 
Bark  thm,  solid,  slightly  wrinkled. 

43.  E.  urnig-era  Hook.  Leaves  scattered,  long-stalked,  almost  lanceolar,  crenu- 
lated, equally  dark  green;  oil  glands  pellucid;  umbels  solitary;  stalks  elongated, 
stalklets  rather  short;  fruits  ellipsoid-urnshaped,  border  compressed,  at  the  edge 
annular,  valves  deeply  inclosed.     Bark  smooth,  pale  brown. 

A  small  tree  tliat  endures  low  temperatures. 

44.  E.  platyphylla  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  often  large,  cordate  or  ovate  roundish,  long- 
stalked,  equally  dull  green  above  and  below;  umbels  solitary;  stalks  short,  stalklets 
almost  none;  lid  blunt;  fruits  small,  semiovate,  border  depressed,  valves  exserted. 
Bark  smooth  and  deciduous. 

45.  E.  stuartiana  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  scattered,  stalked,  equally  dark  green,  shin- 
ing; umbels  solitary;  few-fiowered  stalklets  almost  none;  lid  nearly  hemi.spheric; 
fruits  small,  semiovate-top  shaped,  border  narrow,  rather  convex,  valves  very  small, 
exserted. 

46.  E.  viminalis  Hook.    Leaves  scattered,  stalked,  falcate-lanceolar,  equally  green 

27719— No.  35—02 7 


98  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

above  and  below;  umbels  solitary,  mostly  three-flowered;  stalklets  almost  none  or 
very  short;  lid  semiovate,  mostly  short-pointed;  fruit  semiovate,  border  somewhat 
convex,  valves  exserted. 

47.  E.  rostrata  Schl.  Leaves  scattered,  stalked,  falcate-lanceolar,  equally  green 
above  and  below;  umbels  solitary,  with  several  flowers;  stalks  rather  elongated, 
stalklets  conspicuous;  lid  from  an  hemispheric  base  sharp-pointed;  fruit  below 
semiglobular,  border  convex,  valves  exserted. 

48.  E.  tereticornis  Sm.  Leaves  scattered,  stalked,  falcate-lanceolar,  equally 
green  above  and  below;  umbels  solitary,  with  several  flowers;  stalks  rather  elon- 
gated, stalklets  conspicuous;  lid  mostly  elongate-conical;  outer  stamens  straight  in 
bud;  fruits  below  semiglobular,  border  convex,  valves  exserted. 

49.  E.  macarthuri  D.  and  M.  Leaves  narrow,  lanceolate,  thickish,  equally  green 
above  and  below;  umbels  axillary  and  solitary,  with  several  flowers;  stalks  short, 
stalklets  very  short  or  none;  lid  somewhat  conical;  fruits  very  small,  nearly  hemis- 
pherical, slightly  dilated  at  the  rim,  valves  usually  three,  scarcely  exserted.  Bark 
rough  and  woolly. 

Prefers  swampy  or  river-bottom  land.     Timber  not  very  valuable. 

50.  E.  quadrangulata  D.  and  M.  Leaves  lanceolate,  slightly  falcate,  usuallj-  4 
to  6  inches  long,  scarcely  paler  on  the  under  surface;  umbels  axillary,  solitary; 
stalks  broadish  and  strongly  compressed,  stalklets  none;  lid  somewhat  conical;  fruits 
small,  shining,  bell-shaped,  valves  usually  three,  slightly  exserted.  Bark  rough 
and  persistent,  fuzzy. 

51.  E.  acaciaeformis  D.  and  M.  Leaves  lanceolate,  of  medium  size,  margins 
often  crenulate,  equally  green;  umbels  solitary,  with  several  flowers;  stalks  very 
angular  or  flattened,  stalklets  short  and  angular;  lid  slightly  pointed;  fruits  small, 
elongate-hemispherical,  valves  scarcely  exserted.     Bark  somewhat  fibrous. 

52.  E.  rubida  D.  and  M.  Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  thickish,  intramarginal  vein 
scarcely  removed  from  the  edge,  equally  dull-green  above  and  below;  umbels  soli- 
tary, three-flowered;  stalks  of  medium  length,  stalklets  very  short  or  none;  lid  nearly 
hemispherical;  fruits  top-shaped  or  nearly  hemispherical,  rim  convex,  valves  exserted. 
Bark  smooth,  falling  off  in  strips. 

Grows  on  mountain  sides.     Timber  not  valuable. 

53.  E.  gunnii  Hook.  Leaves  scattered,  stalked,  thick,  broadish-lanceolar,  equally 
dark  green  above  and  below,  shining;  umbels  solitary,  with  several  flowers;  stalk- 
lets very  short;  lid  shining,  hemispheric,  short-pointed;  fruits  topshaped-semiovate, 
border  depressed,  valves  small,  slightly  exserted. 

54.  E.  rudis  End.  Leaves  thin,  falcate-lanceolar,  equally  dull-green  above  and 
below;  oil-dots  pellucid;  umbels  solitary;  stalklets  short;  lid  broad-conical,  trans- 
verse edge  of  the  calyx  prominent  in  bud;  fruits  semiglobular  top-shaped,  border 
rather  convex,  valves  exserted. 

55.  E.  redunca  Sch.  Leaves  equally  green  above  and  below;  umbels  solitary; 
stalks  broadly  compressed,  lid  conical,  acute;  fruit  hemiellipsoid,  border  compressed, 
valves  inclosed.    Bark  smooth. 

In  good  soil  grows  to  a  large  size  and  furnishes  valuable  timber. 

56.  E.  salubris  F.  v.  'SI.  Leaves  thin,  equally  dark-green  above  and  below;  oil- 
dots  numerous,  pellucid;  umbels  solitary,  stalks  compres.sed;  lid  hemiellipsoid;  fruits 
semiovate,  border  depressed,  very  narrow,  valves  small,  exserted.  Bark  smooth  and 
shining. 

Promising  for  desert  regions;  endures  high  temperatures  and  considerable  frost. 
Timber  valuable.     Leaves  rich  in  oil. 

57.  E.    saligna    Sm.     Leaves  much    jialer    beneath,   veins   feathery-spreading; 


IDINTIFICATION    OF   EUCALYPTS.  99 

umbels   solitary;    stalk    compressed,  stalklets  very  short;  lid  hemispheric,   short- 
pointed;  fruit  semiovate,  border  depressed,  very  narrow,  valves  small,  exserted. 

58.  E.  resinifera  Sm.  Leaves  much  paler  beneath,  veins  very  spreading;  umbels 
solitary;  stalk  compres^sed;  lid  conical,  acute;  fruit  semiovate,  border  depressed, 
narrow,  valves  exserted,  pointed. 

59.  E.  punctata  DC.  Leaves  paler  beneath,  veins  very  spreading,  oil  dots 
pellucid;  uni])els  partly  paniculated;  stalks  broadly  compressed;  lid  semiovate- 
conical;  fruit  semiovate,  border  depressed,  valves  small,  barely  exserted. 

60.  E.  planchomana  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  elongated,  shining,  slightly  paler  beneath; 
umbels  solitary;  stalks  broadly  compressed,  stalklets  short;  lid  broadish-conical, 
acute;  outer  stamens  straight  in  bud;  fruits  rather  large,  semiovate,  streaked,  border 
compressed,  valves  inclosed.     Bark  rough. 

Promising  for  hot,  dry  regions  free  from  frost.  Furnishes  abundant  shade.  Tim- 
ber valuable. 

61.  E.  botryoides  Sm.  Leaves  much  paler  beneath,  veins  feathery-spreading; 
umbels  solitary;  stalk  broadly  compressed,  stalklets  almost  none;  lids  hemispheric; 
fruit  hemiellipsoid,  border  compressed,  valves  inclosed. 

62.  E.  goniocalyx  F.  v.  M.  Leaves  equally  green  above  and  below;  umbels 
solitary,  stalk  compressed,  stalklet  very  short;  lid  pyramidal-hemispheric;  fruit 
truncate-ovate,  angular,  border  narrow,  depressed,  A'alves  inclosed. 

63.  E.  robusta  Sm.  Leaves  thick,  broadish,  somewhat  paler  beneath;  umbels 
solitary,  stalk  broadly  compressed;  lid  semiglobular-conical,  broader  than  the  calyx 
tube;  fruit  truncate-ovate,  border  compressed,  valves  coherent,  inclosed. 

64.  E.  cornuta  Lab.  Leaves  lanceolate,  equally  green  above  and  below;  umbels 
solitary;  stalklets  almost  none,  lid  very  long,  upward  cylindrical;  filaments  yellow, 
long,  straight  in  bud;  fruit  bell-shaped,  semiovate,  border  depressed,  valves  exserted, 
very  long,  awl-shaped,  coherent. 

65.  E.  occidentalis  End.  Leaves  thick,  equally  green  above  and  below;  umbels 
solitary;  stalks  broadly  compressed,  stalklets  short;  lid  cylindric-conical;  stamens 
straight  in  bud;  fruits  bell-shaped,  semiovate,  border  depressed;  valves  exserted, 
pointed. 

66.  E.  longifolia  Lind.  Leaves  elongated,  equally  green  above  and  below;  umbels 
solitary,  flowers  in  threes;  stalklets  elongated;  calyces  pale;  lid  broad-conical,  acute; 
fruit  rather  large,  bell-shaped,  semiovate,  angular,  border  ascendant,  valves  inclosed. 

67.  E.  globulus  Lab.  Leaves  thick,  elongated,  equally  green  above  and  below; 
flowers  mostly  solitary,  stalks  and  stalklets  almost  none;  lid  double,  the  inner  crown- 
shaped;  fruit  large  hemispheric,  warty-rough,  angular,  border  broad,  depressed, 
valves  exserteil,  convergent. 

68.  E.  gomphocephala  DC.  Leaves  thick,  shining,  slightly  paler  beneath; 
umbels  solitary;  stalk  broadly  compressed,  stalklets  none;  lid  broader  than  the  tube 
of  the  calyx,  almost  hemispheric;  fruit  large,  top-shaped,  border  broad,  convex, 
valves  exserted,  convergent. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  GENUS  EUCALYPTUS. 

The  principal  papers  and  books  upon  the  genus  Eucalyptus  are 
listed  below.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  majority  of  the  papers  have 
been  published  in  French  scientific  journals.  Many  others  bearing 
upon  pharmaceutical  and  hygienic  questions  pertaining  to  P^ucalypts 
have  appeared  in   European,  American,   and  Australian  periodicals. 


100  EUCALYPTS    CULTIVATED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Several  work^^  not  listed  below  are  devoted  in  part  only  to  a  discussion 
of  some  i)hase  of  the  genus. 

AiJKKc;.  Irrlgacion  y  Eacalijptvs.  Buenos  Ayres.  1874. 
Andhe.  U Eucalyptus  globvlus.  Kevue  horticole.  1863. 
B.vii.KY.     Contributions  to  the  Queensland  Flora.     Brisbane.     1896. 

Queensland  Woods.     London.     1899. 

Bentham  &  Mueller.     Fltmi  Australiensi.'<.     Vol.  III.     London. 
Bertherai'd.     L''  Eucalyptus  an  point  de  vue  V hygiene  en  Algerie.     Alger.     1876. 
Bkixel.     Sohre  d  Eucalyptus  globulus.     Kevista  medico  quirurgico.     Buenos  Ayres. 

1873. 
BuTOX.     L' Eural)/])to.     Bologna.     1875. 
Carlotti.     De  la  culture  de  V Eucalyptus  en  Corse.     Bulletin  de  la  Societe  d'Acclima- 

tation  de  Paris.     1866. 

U  Eucalyptus  globulus.     Ajaccio.     1870. 

Assaini-^sement  des  regions  rJtaudt'n  insalubres  par  l^ Eucalyptus.      Ajaccio.     1875. 

L'  Eucalyptus  en   Corse.       Bulletin  de  la  Societe    d'Acclimatation    de    Paris. 

1877. 
Certeux.     Guide  du  planteur  d' Eucalyptus.     Alger.     1877. 
Combes.     L' Eucalyptus  et  ses  derives.     Paris.     1895. 
Cooi'ER.     Forest  culture  and  Eucalyptus  trees.     San  Francisco.     1876. 
Cordier.     Bes  Eucalyptus.     Bulletin  de  la  Societe  d'Agriculture  d'Agen.     1874. 

L' Eucalyptus  en  Algerie.    Bulletin  de  la  Societe  d'Acclimatation  de  Paris.    1876. 

Deane  &  Maiden.     Observations  on  the  Eucalypts  of  New  Soitth  Wales.     Proceedings 

of  the  Linnean  Society  of  New  South  Wales.     1895-1902. 
Fedeli.     Sulle  proprietd  bonificante,   et  terapeutiche  del  l' Eucalyptus  globulus.     Forli. 

1876. 
Gastinel-Bey.     Memoire  sur  rEucalyptus  globulus  d'Au.^iralle.     L'Egypte  Agricole. 

1870. 

Gildas.  L' Eucalyptus  dans  la  campagne  rovmine.  Bulletin  de  la  Society  d'Accli- 
matation de  Paris.     1875. 

GniBERT.  L' Eucalyptus  globulus;  son  importance  en  agrindttire,  en  hygiene,  en.  medi- 
cine.    Paris.     1870. 

Etude  sur  V influence  des  plantations  d^  Eucalyptus  globulus.     1875. 

Jolly.     Les  Eucalyptus  geants  de  VAustralie.     Paris.     1885. 
Kixney.     Eucalyptus.     Los  Angeles.     1895. 

La.mhert.  Eucalyptus:  culture,  exploitation,  et  j)roduil.  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  d'Ac- 
climatation de  Paris.     1872. 

Maillard  de  Marafy.  IJ Eucalyj)tus.:  nouvel  emploi  industriel.  L'Egypte  Agricole. 
1870. 

Makes.     Note  sur  l' Eucalyptus.     Alger.     1870. 

Maiden.  Useful  Australian  Plants.  Agricultural  Gazette  of  New  South  Wales. 
1893-1900. 

Notes  on  the  Commercial  Timber.^  of  Neir  South  Wales.     Sidney.     1895. 

The  Fored  of  New  South  Wales.     Agricultural  Gazette  of  New  South  Wales. 

1901. 


IDENTIFICATION    OF    EUCALYPTS.  101 

Merice.     Progres  et  development  ill' la  culture  di'  l' Encahjptns.     Bulletin  de  la  Societe 

L'Acclimatation  de  Paris.     1874. 
MoNCHALAiT.     Eucalyptus.   Bulletin  de  la  Societe  L'Acclimatation  de  Paris.    1867. 
Mueller.     Fragmenta  phytograpkiae  Australiae.     Melbourne.     1858-1875. 

Anstralian  vegetation,  Indigenous  (uid  introduced.     Melbourne.     1866. 

Eucalyptograpkia.     Melbourne.     1879-1884. 

Nardy.     Les  Eucalyptus  du  littoral  de  la  mediterranee.     Journal  de  la  Societe  Centrale 

d' Horticulture  de  France.     1875. 
Naudin.     Les  Eucalyptus  entroduits  dans  la  region  mediterraneenne.     Antibes.     1883. 

Description  et  emploi  des  Eucalyptus  introduits  en  Europe.     Antibes.     1891. 

Pasquier.     De  l' Eucalyptus.     Chateau-Gontier.     1873. 

Phillipe.     Sur  I' Eucalyptus  globidus.      Bulletin  de  la  Societe  d'Acclimatation   de 

Paris.     1862. 
Pietra-Santa.     Influence  de  r Eucalyptus  en  Algerie  et  en  Corse.     La  Nature.     1877. 
Plaxchon.     L' Eucalyptus  globulus  an  point  de  rue  hotanique  economique  et  medical. 

Eevue  des  deux  mondes.     1875. 
Translated  into  English  by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 

1875. 
Polli.     tSuir  Eucalipto.     Milano.     1876. 
Ramel.     Sur  les  Eucalyptus  oleosa  et  globulus.     Bulletin  de  la  Society  d'Acclimatation 

de  Paris.     1861. 

L' Eucalyptus  globulus  de  Tasmanie.     Revue  maritime  et  coloniale.     1861. 

L' Eucalyptus  globulus.     Bulletin  de  la  Soci6t6  d'Acclimatation  ds  Paris.     1862. 

Raveret-Watel.     L'  Eucalyptus;  Rapport  sur  son  introduction,  sa  culture,  ses  propri- 

etes,  usages,  etc.     Bulletin  de  la  Societe  d'Acclimatation  de  Paris.     1871,  1872. 

L' Eucalyptus  et  son  avenir.     Bulletin  de  la  Society  d'Acclimatation  de  Paris. 

1873. 

Sahi-t.     fjes  Eucalyptus.     Montpelier.     1888. 

SousA-PiMENTEL.     Eucalypto  gldbuhis;  descrip<;do,  culture  aproreitamento  d'esta  arrore. 

Lisboune.     1884. 
Trottieh.     Boisement  dans  le  desert  et  colonisation.     Alger.     1869. 

De  V accroiscement  et  de  la  valeur  progressive  de  V  Eucalyptus.     Alger.     1871. 

Arbresde  V  Australie.     Alger.     1872. 

Role  de  V Eucalyptus  en  Algerie.     Alger.     1876. 

Woolls.     a  contribution  to  the  Flora  of  Australia;  the  genus  Eucalyptus.    Sidney.    1867. 

The  Plants  of  New  South  Wales.    Sidney.     1885. 


INDEX 


Page 

Blue  Gum.     {See  Eucalyptus  globulus  and  Eucalyptus  ieucoxylon.) 

Euca)yi>ts: 

As  improvers  of  climate 16, 42 

Common  names ■!•' 

Dissemination 1-i 

Distance  apart  for  fuel •^" 

Early  blooming 28 

Effect  on  air  and  soil 43 

Native  home 13 

Rapid  growth IS,  2.5 

Significance  of  specific  names ' 50 

Spontaneous  growth -l-l 

I'ses  of  timber 3 1,  36 

Wood 26 

Yield  of  wood -^8 

Eucalyptus  abergiana,  characteristics 96 

Eucalyptus  acacijeformis,  characteristics -'S 

Eucalyptus  acmenoides,  characteristics 94 

Eucalyjitus  amygdalina: 

Characteristics 5 1 ,  94 

Great  size 52 

Uses - 52 

Yield  of  oil :^9 

Eucalyptus  baileyana,  characteristics 95 

Eucalyptus  bosistoana,  characteristics 96 

Eucalyptus  botryoides: 

Characteristics 53, 99 

Uses 53 

Eucalyptus  calophylla: 

Characteristics 53, 96 

Uses 54 

Eucalyptus  capitellata,  characteristics 94 

Eucalyptus  citriodora: 

As  a  source  of  honey 55, 88 

Characteristics 54,  97 

Odor  of  foliage 54 

Oil 39 

Uses 55 

Eucalyptus  cordata,  characteristics 97 

Eucalyptus  coriacea: 

Characteristics 55, 94 

Resistance  to  frost 55 

Uses 55 

103 


104  INDEX. 


Eucalyptus  cornuta: 

'1.'. 56.99 

Uses                            

.  .  r  ^ 56 

Eucalyptus  corynocalyx : 

■\s  a  source  of  honev                                

:'.-..... Vn. 42,88 

Characteristics 

..Ji-!: 57,97 

- 58 

Eucalyptus  corymbosa: 

As  a  source  of  kino                    

57 

56,  97 

Uses 

Eucalyptus  crebra: 

Characteristics                   --- 

Sii 'po      ...:nJq     59,  S.' 

Uses                        

iio       ...lH'.         59 

Eucalyptus  di versicolor: 
Characteristics 

-     ^                           -^9,96 

Uses                                            

..i'J      60 

Eucalyptus  eugenioides: 

.- ....  6i,94 

Uses 

.il 

■■u                               -i[7 

Eucalyptus  globulus: 

As  a  source  of  oil 

...-. .--.K         40 

...i.f          ■       .;vti61,99 

Extensive  American  use 

General  adaptability 

-A. 'nJ-     5j 

-.    ..:U ■lf/'>      6- 

..     ............. .         16 

fi<\  K 01,14 

Uses 

:  .■\...lq. '^Hyi2 

Yield  of  wood 

>'''«fr< 

Eucalyptus  goinphocephala: 

Characteristics                                  .           

."  11.  63,99 

Uses 

..'.         63 

Eucalyptus  goniocalyx: 

'I         ■"■  '4)3  99 

Uses 

.     .          '          Z    '■     64 

Eucalyptus  gunnii: 

:■.' 64,  98 

J.'.;..         64 

Uses 

^'-            64 

Eucalyptus  hfemastoma: 
Characteristics  . 

1           'f  ^• 
1    .             ,     t    64. 95 

Uses 

Eucalyptus  hemiphloia: 

As  a  source  of  honey 

Characteristics  . 

Uses 

Eucalyptus  howittiana,  characteristics 

Eucalyptus  largiflorens,  characteristics 

Eucalyptus  leucoxylon: 

,'l.*i. . .     "), .  ! 

■-a      "• 

1...J.'     .66,  ,5 

J-           6() 

Uses 

,       ti:66 

INDEX.  105 

Page. 
Eucalyptus  longifoiia: 

Characteristicf-'    66, 99 

Uses 67 

Eucalyptus  mac     .hynca: 

Characteii     cs.,    , 67,95 

Uses ,     ''" 

Eucalyptus  macula       characteristics 97 

Eucalyptus  melliodora : 

As  a  source  of  honey 68 

Charicteristics 6S,  95 

Uses 69 

Eucaly      s  mi«  /  r-  ^rys,  cl  .tracteristics 95 

Eucaly,''  is  n.i         leca: 

C  .aiactf      acs 69,  96 

'  a'sista'       to  he!^t 69 

T^eg  69 

F     -ilyp'  liiiua: 

Chai.       .istics - - "0, ^^^ 

Uses-.    "0 

I'.ucalyptu.'-  occider  ilis: 

Chara  .iteristif    

Usee  --       

Euca    r  us  oil,      "■         d  properties 

Euca  y   fcus  pa 

Jl  o-racter     ics  

Uses.. - 

E'  ;alyptu    '  ttens,  characteristics 

■^    c:-lyptus    ilula  is 

Ciiai   ■   eristics 

Usf   

Eucah  -t  .s  piperita: 

Characteristics 72, 94 

Uses 72 

Euc-  .y  ptus    lauchoniana,  characteristics 99 

Eucal  ,'ptus  platyphylla,  characteristics 97 

P^ucalyptus  polyanthema: 

Charact  ristics - 73,  95 

Get.  ral  adaptability "'^ 

Us( - 73 

P^ucalyptas  poi  ilifolia: 

C]>A;'acteri3t:cs 78,  95 

74 

ictata: 

.sties 74,99 

74 

H  ,nadrangulata,  characteristics 98 

■  Aualypui .  raveretiana,  characteristics 96 

'>^'  >ialypt'  s  redunca,  characteristics 98 

icalv     us  resinifera: 

P'    racteristics 74,99 

3S ;!5,  75 

I         .ptus  risdoni,  characteristics 94 

27719— No.  35—02 S 


70,  99 

70 

40 

71,  95 

71 

96 

71,94 

72 

106  INDEX. 

Page. 
Eucalyptusi  robusta: 

Characterictics 75,  99 

Uses 76 

Eucalyptus  rostrata: 

As  a  source  of  honey 42,  88 

Asa  source  of  kino 77 

As  a  source  of  stove  wood 87 

Characteristics 76,  98 

Numerous  uses 35,  77 

Spontaneous  growth 44,  77 

Eucalyptus  rudis: 

Characteristics 78, 98 

General  adaptability 78 

Spontaneous  growth 44 

Uses 78 

Eucalyptus  rubida,  characteristics 98 

Eucalyptus  saligna: 

Characteristics 79, 98 

Uses 79 

p]ucalyptus  salmonophloia,  characteristics 96 

Eucalyptus  salubris,  characteristics 98 

Eucalyptus  siderophloia: 

Characteristics . .  79,  96 

Uses 80 

Eucalyptus  sideroxylon: 

As  a  source  of  stove  wood 37 

Characteristics 80,  95 

Numerous  uses 35,  80 

Eucalyptus  sieberiana,  characteristics 95 

p]ucalyptus  stellulata,  characteristics 94 

Eucalyptus  stuartiana: 

Characteristics 81,  97 

Uses 81 

Eucalyptus  tereticornis : 

Characteristics 81, 98 

Uses 82 

Eucalyptus  tessellaris,  characteristics 97 

Eucalyptus  urnigera,  characteristics 97 

Eucalyptus  viminalis: 

Characteristics 82,  97 

Rate  of  growth 37,  82 

Uses 83 

Iron  bark.     {See  Eucalyptus  crebra,  Eucalyptus  paniculata.  Eucalyptus  sidero- 
phloia, and  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon. ) 

3Ianna  Gum.     {See  Eucalyptus  viminalis.) 

Red  Gum.     {See  Eucalyptus  rostrata  and  Eucalyptus  tereticornis.) 

Sugar  Gum.     {See  Eucalyptus  corynocalyx. ) 

Stringy-bark.     {See  Eucalyptus  eugenioides,  Eucalyptus  macrorhyncha,  and 
Eucalyptus  piperita.) 


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